Table 1.
Evolution of science policy.
1. | Individual entrepreneur to corporate innovators | 11. | From neoclassical to evolutionary economics |
2. | Laissez faire to government intervention | 12. | From neoclassical to new growth theory |
3. | Two factors of production to three | 13. | From the optimizing firm to resource-based view of the firm |
4. | Single division to multidivisional effects | 14. | From individual actors to systems of innovation |
5. | Technology adoption to innovation diffusion | 15. | From market failure to system failure |
6. | Science push to demand pull? | 16. | From one to two “faces” of R&D |
7. | Single to multi-factor explanations of innovation | 17. | From “Mode 1” to “Mode 2” |
8. | From a static to a dynamic model of innovation | 18. | From single technology to multi-technology firms |
9. | From linear model to “chain-link” model | 19. | From national to multi-level systems of innovation |
10. | One innovation process to sector-specific types | 20. | From closed to open innovation |