Table 2.
SC therapeutics.
| Illness | Treatment | Results | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
| TIDM | Rat SC co-transplanted with islets into diabetic rats | Transplant survival and normoglycemia 100+ days post-transplantation | (108, 109) |
| TIDM | Rat SC co-encapsulated with fish islets transplanted into diabetic mice | Prolonged graft survival and normoglycemia > 64 days | (110) |
| TIDM | Syngeneic mouse SC transplanted under right kidney capsule and syngeneic islets under left kidney capsule of non-obese diabetic mice | SC elicited systemic tolerance, 64% of recipients normoglycemic for 60+ days | (111) |
| TIDM | Pig SC encapsulated and injected by IP into non-obese diabetic mice | Reverted of TIDM, islet regeneration | (101) |
| TIDM | Pig SC and pig islets infused into collagen mesh transplanted in upper anterior wall subcutaneously of adolescent TIDM patients | 50% recipients had at least a 50% reduction in exogenous insulin requirement for 3+ years | (112) |
| TIDM | Mouse or pig SC engineered with adenoviral or lentiviral vector to produce human insulin were transplanted into diabetic mice or rats, respectively | Normoglycemia restoration for 1-4 and 46-50 days post-transplantation, transplanted SC produced insulin and survived throughout study | (113–115) |
| TIDM | EC cultured in high glucose + SC conditioned media from SC engineered to produce insulin and C-peptide | Reduction in vasoactive substances and reactive oxygen species | (116) |
| TIIDM | Encapsulated pig SC were transplanted into subcutaneous fat of db/db diabetic mice | Decreased adipose inflammation, normalization of glucose in 60% of recipients | (117) |
| Parkinson’s Disease | SC co-transplanted with dopaminergic fetal rat or mouse neurons into 6-hydroxy-dopamine treated rats (Parkinson’s model) | SC co-transplants had an increase of 20% viability and survival over controls | (118, 119) |
| Cerebellar ataxia | SC transplanted into both cerebellar hemispheres of 3-AP induced cerebellar ataxia rats | Improved motor coordination, reduced necroptosis, decreased microglial proliferation | (120) |
| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | SC transplanted into spinal cord of ALS-model mice | Reduced motor neuron degradation, improved neuronal survival, slowed disease progression | (121) |
| Huntington Disease | PC12 cells were exposed to hydrogen peroxide and SC-CM | Protected against hydrogen peroxide, increased cell viability, continued neurite growth | (122, 123) |
| Huntington Disease | Rat SC transplanted into striatum of 3-nitropropionic acid induced Huntington’s rats or mice | Decreased inflammatory cytokines, increased dendritic length, improved striatum volume, delayed disease progression | (122, 124) |
| Alzheimer’s Disease | Bilateral hippocampal transplant of SC into rats with β-amyloid legions | Decreased neuronal cell death, improved learning and memory | (125) |
| Spinal cord injury | SC engineered to produce human neurotrophin-3 were used to condition media, cortical neurons cultured in SC-CM | Increased neurite growth | (126) |
| Spinal cord injury | SC engineered to produce human neurotrophin-3 were transplanted into rat injured spinal cord | Reduced macrophage infiltration, decreased inflammation, SC survived 42+ days post-transplantation | (126) |
| Spermato-genesis defects | Healthy mouse SC were injected into testes of Sl/Sld SC-defect mice | 92% recipient testis had SC-tubules; 62% recipient testis had normal spermatogenesis | (127) |
| Spermato-genesis defects | SC from W/Wv GC-defect mice were transplanted into testes of Sl/Sld SC-defect mice | Rescued spermatogonia, spermatocytes, round spermatids, and some elongated spermatids, some restoration of spermatogenesis | (128) |
| Spermato-genesis defects | Normal SCs transplanted into rats with irradiated testes | SC colonized seminiferous tubules, created tubule structures, recovered endogenous spermatogenesis | (129) |
| Male infertility | Transplantation of allogeneic spermatogonial stem cells into testes of NANOS2 knockout animals | Allogeneic germ cell engraftment; donor-derived spermatogenesis in mice, goats, and pigs | (14) |
| Laron Syndrome | Pig SC were encapsulated and transplanted into GHR-/- mice | Proportional growth, increased growth | (130) |
| Muscular Dystrophy | SC were encapsulated and IP injected into mdx mice | Increased muscle performance, improved muscle tissue morphology, decreased inflammation | |
| Deep lung respiratory issues | SC containing curcumin (anti-inflammatory) nanoparticles were injected into lateral tail vein of mice with pulmonary perivascular inflammation | 90% of curcumin delivered to deep lung, improved lung inflammation | (131) |
ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; EC, endothelial cell; GC, germ cells; GHR-/-, growth hormone receptor-knockout; IP, intraperitoneal; mdx, nonsense point mutation to prevent functional dystrophin production; PC12, neuron-like rat pheochromocytoma cell line; TIDM, type I diabetes mellitus; SC, Sertoli cell; SC-CM, Sertoli cell conditioned media; Sl/Sld, Steel/Steeldickie; TIIDM, type II diabetes mellitus; W/Wv, white spotting mice.