Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants according to socioeconomic status (SES)*.
| Characteristics |
Total population (n = 6,617) |
High SES† (n = 1,346) |
Medium SES† (n = 4,595) |
Low SES† (n = 676) |
p-Value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age (mean, SD) | 36.5 (0.11) | 43.3 (0.23) | 34.7 (0.12) | 35.0 (0.40) | <0.001 |
| Men | 1,702 (25.7) | 519 (38.6) | 1,017 (22.1) | 166 (24.6) | <0.001 |
| Married | 5,213 (78.8) | 1,243 (92.3) | 3,536 (77.0) | 434 (64.2) | <0.001 |
| Household income | |||||
| High | 491 (12.0) | 489 (36.3) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.3) | <0.001 |
| Medium | 5,333 (80.6) | 857 (63.7) | 4,366 (95.0) | 110 (16.3) | |
| Low | 793 (7.4) | 0 (0.0) | 229 (5.0) | 564 (83.4) | |
| Education | |||||
| College or above | 6,373 (96.3) | 1,346 (100.0) | 4,550 (99.0) | 477 (70.6) | <0.001 |
| High School or equivalent | 195 (3.0) | 0 (0.0) | 42 (0.9) | 153 (22.6) | |
| Less than high school | 49 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (0.1) | 46 (6.8) | |
| Occupational position | |||||
| High or above | 1,103 (16.7) | 1,018 (75.6) | 77 (1.7) | 8 (1.2) | <0.001 |
| Medium | 2,443 (36.9) | 199 (14.8) | 2,244 (48.8) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Low | 3,071 (46.4) | 129 (9.6) | 2,274 (49.5) | 668 (98.8) | |
| Never smoking | 6,092 (92.1) | 1,194 (88.7) | 4,291 (93.4) | 607 (89.8) | 0.461 |
| No heavy alcohol consumption | 6,336 (95.8) | 1,242 (92.3) | 4,455 (97.0) | 639 (94.5) | 0.061 |
| Top third LIPA | 2,212 (33.4) | 629 (46.7) | 1,333 (29.0) | 161 (23.8) | <0.001 |
| Healthy diet# | 1,536 (23.2) | 570 (42.3) | 1,460 (31.8) | 170 (25.1) | <0.001 |
| Healthy sleep quality& | 2,746 (41.5) | 674 (50.1) | 1,787 (38.9) | 285 (42.2) | <0.001 |
| BMI (mean, SD) | 23.3 (0.07) | 23.9 (0.15) | 23.1 (0.09) | 23.2 (0.23) | 0.922 |
| Self-reported comorbidities | |||||
| Hypertension | 126 (1.9) | 51 (3.8) | 51 (1.1) | 24 (3.6) | 0.789 |
| Diabetes | 51 (0.8) | 20 (1.5) | 20 (0.4) | 11 (1.6) | 0.807 |
| CVD | 23 (0.4) | 7 (0.5) | 12 (0.3) | 4 (0.6) | 0.140 |
| Cancer | 69 (1.0) | 17 (1.3) | 44 (1.0) | 8 (1.2) | 0.897 |
| Chronic bronchitis or COPD | 23 (0.4) | 4 (0.3) | 14 (0.3) | 5 (0.7) | 0.173 |
| Family history of diseases | |||||
| Hypertension | 2,272 (34.3) | 465 (34.5) | 1,597 (34.8) | 210 (31.1) | 0.117 |
| Diabetes | 814 (12.3) | 153 (11.4) | 579 (12.6) | 82 (12.1) | 0.614 |
| CVD | 576 (8.7) | 95 (7.1) | 412 (9.0) | 69 (10.2) | 0.015 |
SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; LTPA, leisure time physical activity.
SES was generated through latent class analysis using information on education, family income, and occupational position.
*Continuous variables were expressed as mean (95% confidence interval), and categorical variables were expressed as number (percentage). p-Values were calculated using analysis of variance for continuous variables, and Pearson chi-squared test or Fisher's exact for categorical variables.
Less than ¥50 000, ¥50 000 to 299 999, and ¥300,000 or more household income represented the high, medium, and low family income levels, respectively.
#Healthy diet denoted ideal intakes of≥4 dietary components for cardiovascular health.
&Healthy sleep quality was defined as a good status of sleep quality. Significant difference is highlighted by bold font (p <0.05).