Table 1.

Review of the instrumentation used for PAM imaging of hemoglobin (A), melanin (B), collagen (C), glucose (D) and lipids (E). OS optical source employed, CWL central wavelength of OS, PRR pulse repetition rate, PLD pulsed laser diode, OPO optical parametric oscillator, SC supercontinuum source, YFL Ytterbium fibre laser, EPP energy per pulse.

Reference	OS Tech.	CWL (nm)	PRR	Cost	Target	EPP (μJ)
18	PLD	405	1 kHz	Low	A	0.052
11	PLD	905	1 kHz	Low	A	3
9	YFL	532	2 MHz	High	A	0.1–5
10	YFL	532	4 kHz	High	A	0.8
19	Dye Laser	532	10 kHz	High	A	5
20	PLD	780, 1560	5–20 kHz	N/A	C	2–4
21	CW	488, 808	N/A	Low	A,B	N/A
15	N/A	1060	10 kHz	N/A	B	240
22	OPO	270–1400	1 kHz	High	A, E	N/A
23	SC	450–840	20 kHz	Low	A, B	N/A
16	Custom SC	500–900	5 kHz	Low	A, B	N/A
17	Custom SC	1210–1720	2 kHz	High	E	1–6
13	Custom SC	1440–1870	100 kHz	Low	E	0.197
24	Custom SC	1500–1900	30 kHz	Low	D	1
OS-PAM	SC	475–2400	20 kHz	Low	A, B, C, D, E	0.017–0.11