Table 1.
Identification of epigenetic periodontitis markers in clinical samples.
| Study | Published year | Analysis | Assay type | Target | Subjects | Samples | Finding |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zhang et al.[28] | 2010 | DNA methylation | PCR | IFNγ promoter | 47 | gingival tissue | Decreased methylation and increased transcription of IFNγ in periotondititis biopsies (p = 0.007) |
| de Faria Amormino et al.[29] | 2013 | DNA methylation | PCR | TLR2 promoter | 40 | gingival tissue | Hypermethylation and low transcription of TLR2 in CP bioposies (p < 0.001) |
| Stefani et al.[30] | 2013 | DNA methylation | PCR | SNP − 174 G/C in the IL6 promoter | 42 | gingival tissue | No difference of methylation pattern between control and CP |
| Zhang et al.[31] | 2013 | DNA methylation | PCR | TNFα promoter region | 46 | gingival tissue | Decreased methylation at − 163 and − 161 bp and increased transcription of TNFα in CP |
| Asa'ad et al.[32] | 2017 | DNA methylation | PCR | LINE1, COX2, IFNγ, TNFα gene loci | 20 | gingival tissue | Decreased methyaltion level of COX2 after periodontal treatment (p < 0.05). |
| Shaddox et al.[33] | 2017 | DNA methylation | Array | Inflammatory candidate genes | 25 | gingival tissue | Decreased CpG methylation level of CCL25 and IL17C in AP |
| De Souza et al.[34] | 2014 | DNA methylation | Array | immune-related, cell cycle-related, and stablye-expressed gene loci | 23 | gingival tissue | Decreased methylation status of immune-related gene loci in CP |
| Azevedo et al.[36] | 2020 | DNA methylation | Array | T-cell and B-cell function regulators, transcriptional and translational regulators, and cytokine pathway-related genes | 40 | gingival tissue | Hypomethylation of STAT5 in periodontitis samples |
| Kim et al.[37] | 2021 | DNA methylation | Array | whole-genome | 36 | gingival tissue | Total 43 631 defferentially methylated postions and 12 genes linked with differentatial methylation in stage III periodontitis |
| Hernández et al.[38] | 2021 | DNA methylation | Array | whole-genome | 18 | peripheral leukocytes | Hypermethylation of ZNF718 and HOXA4 and hypomethylated of ZFP57 in periodontitis |
| Asa'ad et al.[50] | 2020 | miRNA | Meta-analysis | Selected 16 miRNAs | – | gingival tissue | Dominant expression of miRNA-142–3p and miRNA-146a in periodontitis |
| Micó-Martínez et al.[51] | 2021 | miRNA | Meta-analysis | miRNAs expressed in periodontal tissue | – | gingival tissue | Impossiblity of conducting meta-analysis due to methodological differences among the selected literatures |