Table 2.

Distribution of oral hygiene practices by lifestyle practices and the level of fasting blood glucose.

lifestyle practices and the level of fasting blood glucose	Oral hygiene practices
	Cleaning teeth at least once a day % (CI at 95%)	Cleaning teeth at least twice a day % (CI at 95%)	Use of fluoridated toothpaste % (CI at 95%)	Visiting dentist within the last 6 months % (CI at 95%)
	N = 4541†	N = 4541†	N = 4060‡	N = 4550
Alcohol consumption
-No	84.2 (82.9–85.4)	34.0 (32.4–35.7)	26.8 (25.2–28.4)	2.3 (1.8–2.8)
-Yes	79.1 (76.7–81.3)	24.7 (22.3–27.2)	27.2 (24.6–30.0)	1.9 (1.2–2.9)
p-value	***	***	NS	NS
Tobacco use
No	84.6 (83.3–85.7)	32.8 (31.3–34.4)	28.0 (26.4–29.5)	2.3 (1.9–2.9)
-Yes	75.7 (72.8–78.5)	26.0 (23.2–29.0)	22.7 (19.8–25.7)	1.5 (0.8–2.6)
p-value	***	***	**	NS
Alcohol-&-or-tobacco use
-No	85.2 (83.8–86.5)	35.1 (33.3–36.9)	27.4 (25.6–29.2)	2.4 (1.9–3.1)
-Yes	79.1 (77.1–81.0)	25.7 (23.7–27.8)	26.2 (24.0–28.4)	1.8 (1.2–2.5)
p-value	***	***	NS	NS
Raised glycemia (FBG ≥ 5.6 mmol/l)
-No	82.9 (81.7–84.0)	32.1 (30.7–33.5)	26.3 (24.9–27.8)	2.2 (1.7–2.6)
-Yes	82.0 (77.8–85.7)	24.7 (20.5–29.4)	33.5 (28.4–38.9)	2.3 (1.1–4.4)
p-value	NS	**	**	NS
Hyperglycemia at FBG ≥ 6.1 mmol/l
-No	82.8 (81.6–83.9)	31.7 (30.3–33.2)	26.2 (24.9–27.7)	2.1 (1.7–2.6)
-Yes	82.7 (77.3–87.3)	26.6 (21.1–32.7)	40.3 (33.4–47.5)	3.4 (1.5–6.5)
p-value	NS	NS	***	NS

†: When converting the variable frequency of tooth cleaning into binary variable, individuals who had no teeth were excluded. ‡: When converting the variable use of the fluoridated toothpaste into binary variable, in addition to the individuals who had no teeth, or who did never clean the teeth, those whom response was “did not know” were also excluded. %: percentage, 95% CI: Confidence interval at 95%.

FBG: Fasting blood glucose; NS: Non-significant p-value; *p-value < 0.05; **: p-value < 0.01; ***: p-value < 0.001.