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. 2022 Jun 9;28:101854. doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.101854

Table 3.

Lifestyle, glycemic disorders associations with oral hygiene practices in logistic regressions.

Cleaning teeth at least once a day
(N = 4541†)
 Cleaning teeth at least twice a day
(N = 4541†)
 Use of fluoridated toothpaste
(N = 4060‡)
 Visited a dentist within the last 6 months (N = 4550)
Univariable Multivariable Univariable Multivariable Univariable Multivariable Univariable Multivariable
cOR aOR 95% CI cOR 95% CI aOR 95% CI cOR aOR cOR 95% CI aOR 95% CI
Alcohol consumption
  • -

    No

 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
  • -

    Yes

 0.7 (0.6–0.8)*** 0.7 (0.6–0.9)*** 0.6 (0.5–0.7)*** 0.6 (0.5–0.7)*** >1.0 (0.9–1.2) 0.9 (0.7->1.0) 0.8 (0.5–1.3) 0.7 (0.5–1.2)
Tobacco use
  • -

    No

 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
  • -

    Yes

 0.6 (0.5–0.7)*** 0.7 (0.6–0.8)*** 0.7 (0.6–0.8)*** 0.9 (0.7–1.1) 0.8 (0.6–0.9)*** 0.8 (0.6->0.9)* 0.7 (0.4–1.2) 0.9 (0.5–1.6)
Alcohol and/or tobacco
use†
  • -

    No

 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
  • -

    Yes

 0.7 (0.6–0.8)*** 0.7 (0.6–0.8)*** 0.6 (0.5–0.7)*** 0.6 (0.5–0.7)*** 0.9 (0.8–1.1) 0.9 (0.7->1.0) 0.7 (0.5–1.1) 0.7 (0.4–1.1)
Raised fasting blood glucose
  • -

    No

 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
  • -

    Yes

 0.9 (0.7–1.2) 0.9 (0.7–1.3) 0.7 (0.5–0.9)** 0.7 (0.5–0.9)** 0.7 (0.6–0.9)** 0.7 (0.6->0.9)* 1.1 (0.5–2.2) 0.9 (0.5–1.9)
Sociodemographic variables of adjustment
Sex
  • -

    Males

 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
  • -

    Females

 0.9 (0.8–1.1) 0.9 (0.8–1.1) 1.1 (>0.9–1.3) 1.3 (1.1–1.5)*** 0.7 (0.6–0.8)*** 0.6 (0.5–0.7)*** 1.4 (>0.9–2.2) 1.7 (1.1–2.5)*
Residency
  • -

    Rural

 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
  • -

    Urban

 3.1 (2.4–4.1)*** 2.3 (1.7–3.0)*** 2.0 (1.8–2.4)*** 1.7 (1.4–2.0)*** 4.0 (3.4–4.7)*** 2.4 (2.0–2.9)*** 2.6 (1.7–3.9)*** 1.4 (0.9–2.3)
Age
  • -

    45 – 64y

 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
  • -

    30 – 44y

 1.7 (1.5–2.1)*** 1.6 (1.3–1.9)*** 1.3 (1.1–1.5)** 1.2 (>0.9–1.4) 1.6 (1.3–1.9)*** 1.5 (1.3–1.9)*** 0.9 (0.6–1.4) 0.7 (0.5–1.2)
  • -

    24 – 29y

 1.8 (1.5–2.2)*** 1.6 (1.3–2.0)*** 1.6 (1.3–1.9)*** 1.4 (1.2–1.6)*** 1.6 (1.4–2.0)*** 1.6 (1.3–2.0)*** 0.7 (0.4–1.2) 0.5 (0.3–0.9)*
Education levels
  • -

    No formal education

 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
  • -

    Primary completed

 1.9 (1.5–2.5)*** 1.5 (1.2–2.0)** 1.2 (>0.9–1.4) 1.1 (0.9–1.3) 2.7 (2.2–3.2)*** 1.9 (1.6–2.3)*** 2.1 (1.3–3.5) 2.4 (1.4–4.0)***
  • -

    Secondary/more

 13 (5.8–29.2)*** 7.8 (3.4–17.8)*** 4.7 (3.7–5.9)*** 4.2 (3.2–5.4)*** 12.1 (9.2–15.8)*** 6.6 (4.9–8.9)*** 4.9 (3.0–8.2)*** 5.7 (3.4–9.5)***
Marital status
  • -

    Singles

 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
  • -

    Married/cohabiting

 0.9 (0.7–1.2) 1.1 (0.9–1.4) 1.1 (0.9–1.3) 1.4 (1.1–1.7)** 0.6 (0.5–0.7)*** >1.0 (0.8–1.3) 0.8 (0.5–1.4) 1.1 (0.7–2.0)
Occupation
  • -

    Professions without regular income

 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
  • -

    Professions with regular income

 1.1 (0.9–1.3) 1.3 (1.1–1.6)** 1.3 (1.1–1.5)** 1.6 (1.4–1.9)*** <1.0 (0.8–1.1) 0.9 (0.7–1.1) 0.7 (0.5–1.1) 0.9 (0.5–1.4)

†: When converting the variable frequency of tooth cleaning into binary variable, individuals who had no teeth were excluded. ‡: When converting the variable use of the fluoridated toothpaste into binary variable, in addition to the individuals who had no teeth, or who did never clean the teeth, those whom response was “did not know” were also excluded.

†: The variable alcohol and/or tobacco use was tested in the model after removing alcohol consumption and tobacco use. *: P-value < 0.05, **: P-value < 0.01, ***: P-value < 0.001; aOR: adjusted odds-ratio; cOR: crude Odds-ratio. CI: confidence interval.