Table 1.

summarizes the studies that evaluated FOG outcomes following LCIG therapy.

Title	Authors	Design	FOG Metric	Findings
1. Intestinal Levodopa/Carbidopa Infusion as a Therapeutic Option for Unresponsive Freezing of Gait after Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson's Disease	González-Herrero et al.	Retrospective case series of 5 patients who received STN DBS stimulation, developed unresponsive FOG, and received intestinal levodopa as an alternative therapy.	UPDRS item 14 score before and after LCIG infusion	Administration of intestinal levodopa caused improvement of FOG in the “ON” state in 4/5 patients (80%). The improvement was maintained for at least 12 months.
2. The TANDEM investigation: efficacy and tolerability oflevodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel in (LCIG) advanced Parkinson's disease patients	Antonini et al.	Retrospective and prospective study of 159 PD patients who were already being treated with LCIG. The efficacy and safety of LCIG treatment in routine medical care were retrospectively collected at baseline and prospectively assessed and two follow-up visits within the first 12 months following PEG-J placement.	UPDRS II	Freezing of gait was reduced (p < 0.001) at the 2 follow-up visits following PEG-J placement.
3. “On– State” Freezing of Gait: Insights and Treatment With Levodopa Intestinal Gel Infusion	Morales-Briceño H, Tsui D, Griffith J, Martin AJ, Mahant N, Fung VSC.	Case report on a 61F PD patient with on-state FOG who received LCIG.	Investigator assessment, number of falls	The patient exhibited supra-on FOG following LCIG, which improved after titration.
4. Levodopa/carbidopa intestinal gel infusion can improve camptocormia in Parkinson's disease	Morales-Briceño H, Mahant N, Duma S, Martin A, Griffith J, Tsui D, Fung VS.	Case report on 2 patients who received LCIG.	New Freezing of Gait Questionnaire (NFOG-Q)	Both patients exhibited a reduction in freezing of gait.
5. Long-term effect of levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel on axial signs in Parkinson's disease	Fabbri et al.	Retrospective study on 49 PD patients treated with LCIG.	UPDRS-II Item 14	FOG improved compared to baseline off-state, and remained stable up to 1 year (p < 0.05) but subsequently deteriorated.
6. Levodopa/Carbidopa Intestinal Gel Infusion Therapy: Focus on Gait and Balance	Rispoli et al.	Observational open-label study. Motor status and FOG of 15 PD patients were followed for 52 weeks of LCIG infusion. Subjects were classified as having off-FOG, on-FOG, and pseudo-on-FOG according to the classification outlined in Espay et al. [29]	Freezing of Gait Questionnaire (FOG‐Q), New Freezing of Gait Questionnaire (NFOG‐Q),	LCIG had a beneficial effect on all FOG subtypes (p < 0.001).
7. Effects of intestinal Levodopa infusion on freezing of gait in Parkinson disease	Zibetti et al.	Case series on 32 PD patients with FOG who received LCIG. Subjects were classified into 4 subtypes of FOG: off-FOG, pseudo-on FOG, unresponsive FOG, true-on FOG.	UPDRS item 14	FOG improved after LCIG compared to baseline off-state (p < 0.05) and baseline on-state (p < 0.05).
8. Long-term effectiveness of levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel in 177 Spanish patients with advanced Parkinson's disease	Valldeoriola et al.	Retrospective study of 177 patients who received LCIG	UPDRS III, investigator assessment	FOG improved in 76.2% of patients (p < 0.05).
9. Levodopa-carbidopa intrajejunal gel in advanced Parkinson disease with “on” freezing of gait	Cossu et al.	Chart review of 7 patients who presented with on-FOG before switching from levodopa to LCIG therapy.	UPDRS II and III; FOG-Q	Subjects significantly improved UPDRS item 14 scores (p = 0.026) and FOG-Q (p = 0.017)
10. Levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel therapy may cause “Supra-ON freezing of gate” in patients with Parkinson's disease with diphasic dyskinesia	Oshiro S, Baba T, Takeda A	2 case reports on 2 patients with diphasic dyskinesia who received LCIG.	UPDRS III, investigator assessment	Both subjects developed supra-on FOG following LCIG, which improved after titration.