. 2022 Jun 16;15:100362. doi: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100362

Table 1.

The thawing loss and color results of frozen large yellow croaker under different methods.

Treatment	Thawing loss	Color
Treatment	(%)	L*	a*	b*	ΔE
FS	–	41.44 ± 0.31^d	2.47 ± 0.05^a	3.60 ± 0.04^abc	–
IF	3.26 ± 0.09^a	49.51 ± 3.28^a	2.50 ± 0.07^a	−3.24 ± 0.04^a	8.08 ± 2.97^a
SUAF-20	2.38 ± 0.07^b	46.79 ± 1.06^b	2.53 ± 0.07^a	3.49 ± 0.07^abc	5.36 ± 0.82^b
SUAF-28	2.21 ± 0.26^b	45.70 ± 1.10^bc	2.52 ± 0.03^a	−3.30 ± 0.29^ab	4.28 ± 0.88^bc
SUAF-40	2.01 ± 0.01^b	45.40 ± 0.70^bc	2.54 ± 0.02^a	3.38 ± 0.42^abc	3.98 ± 0.52^bc
DUAF-20/28	2.08 ± 0.03^b	44.95 ± 0.60^bc	2.49 ± 0.05^a	−3.65 ± 0.12^bc	3.51 ± 0.39^bc
DUAF-20/40	1.97 ± 0.41^b	44.60 ± 1.62^bc	2.51 ± 0.06^a	−3.76 ± 0.09 ^cd	3.17 ± 1.32^bc
DUAF-28/40	1.79 ± 0.18^b	44.19 ± 0.75^bc	2.48 ± 0.03^a	−3.64 ± 0.18^bc	2.76 ± 0.54^c
MUAF-20/28/40	1.66 ± 0.26^b	43.54 ± 1.33 ^cd	2.53 ± 0.07^a	3.51 ± 0.22^abc	2.13 ± 1.01^c

The methods include immersion freezing (IF), single-frequency UAF (SUAF) at 20 kHz, 28 kHz and 40 kHz, dual-frequency UAF (DUAF) at 20/28 kHz, 20/40 kHz and 28/40 kHz, multi-frequency UAF (MUAF) at 20/28/40 kHz. The letter from “a” to “d” are used to describe the significance of differences between the samples (p < 0.05).