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. 2022 Jun 9;13:839677. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.839677

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Copyright © 2022 Wu, Quan, Zhang, Wang, Ou, Mao, Sun, Yang, Wu, Wei, Jia, Chen, Zhu, Liu, Zhao, Zhang, Huang, Gao, Tian and Cheng

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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DHAV virulence contributes to the clinical manifestations of infected ducklings. (A) Representative images of liver lesions in ducklings. Significant liver haemorrhage is observed after infection with virulent DHAV (CH strain) and corresponding attenuated DHAV (CH60 strain). Scale bar is equal to 1 cm. (B) The survival probability of virulent DHAV-attenuated DHAV-infected ducklings (n = 10). Ducklings injected with physiological normal saline served as a control group. Virulent DHAV significantly reduces the survival probability. (C) The relative virus titer, CH strain, and CH60 strain in the liver are quantified by RT–qPCR. The liver viral load in ducklings infected with virulent DHAV is significantly increased compared with ducklings infected with attenuated DHAV. Student’s unpaired t test was used for statistical analysis. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. Data are displayed as the mean ± SD with 3 biological replicates and 3 technical replicates.