TABLE 1.

Serum markers of fetal growth restriction (FGR), preeclampsia (PET), and/or cardiovascular disease (CVD).

	Physiologic function	Pregnancy		Non-pregnant		References
		FGR	PE		Type CVD	FGR	PE	CVD
CRP	Immunomodulation	↑	↑	↑	CHD, HF	(156)	(157)	(158)
VEGF	Pro-angiogenic Pro-vasculogenic	↓	↓	Polymorfisms	CHD	(98)	(159)	(160)
sFLT-1	Anti-angiogenic	↑	↑	↑	CHD, HF	(127)	(127)	(161)
sEng	Anti-angiogenic	↑	↑	↑	CHD	(162)	(159)	(163)
Activin A	Immunomodulation Apoptosis	↑	↑	↑	CHD, HT	(164)	(165)	(166)
Leptin	Immunomodulation Angiogenic	↑	↑	↑	CHD	(167)	(168)	(169)
sE-selectin	Immunomodulation	↑	↑	↑	HT	(170)	(171)	(172)
ADAM 12	Angiogenic Immunomodulation	↓	↓	↓	HF	(173)	(108)	(174)
ADMA	Vasodilatation	↑	↑	↑	CHD, HF, HT	(175)	(176)	(177)
PLGF	Pro-angiogenic	↓	↓	↑	CHD, HF	(127)	(159)	(161)
PAPP-A	Lysis IGF-BP	↓	↓↑↑	↑	CHD	(128)	(178)	(179)
ADM	Pro-angiogenic	↓	↓	↑	AMI	(179)	(180)	(181)

Abbreviations: FGR, fetal growth restriction; PE, preeclampsia; CVD, cardiovascular disease; ↑, high serum concentration; ↓, low serum concentration; ↓↑↑, cerum concentration changing from low to high; CHD, coronary heart disease; HT, hypertension; HF, heart failure; AMI, acute myocardial infarction; CRP, C-reactive protein; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; sFlt-1, soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1; sEng, soluble endoglin; sE-selectin, soluble E-selectin; ADAM 12, A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 12; ADMA, asymmetric dimethylarginine; PLGF, placental Growth Factor; PAPP-A, pregnancy associated placental protein A; and ADM, adrenomedullin.