Figure 3.

Overview of the interrelationship between ROS and metabolic enzymes. Here we present the main ROS-producing systems, as well as the metabolic enzymes whose activity is modified by direct oxidation (see text for details). Brown arrows mean ROS production; red arrows mean inhibition; green arrows mean activation of target. 1,3-BPG, 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate; 3-PG, 3-phosphoglycerate; Cit C, cytochrome C; DHAP, dihydroxyacetone phosphate; F-1,6-BP, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate; F-6-P, fructose-6-phosphate; G-3-P, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; Glc-6-P, glucose-6-phosphate; IDH, isocitrate dehydrogenase; α-KG, α-ketoglutarate; KGDH, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase; mGPDH, mitochondrial α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase; OAA, oxaloacetate; PDH act, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex active; PDH inact, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex inactive; PDK2, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2; PDP, pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase; PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate; PFK2, phosphofructokinase 2; PKM2, pyruvate kinase M2; PPP, pentose phosphate pathway; R-5-P, ribose 5-phosphate; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SDH, succinate dehydrogenase; XOD, xanthine oxidoreductase.