TABLE 5.
Overview of diabetes medications.
| Parameter | T2DM (n = 121) | HbA1c < 7.0% (n = 67) | HbA1c ≥ 7.0% (n = 54) | Difference | 95% CI | P-value |
| Oral anti-diabetic medications | ||||||
| Alpha glucosidase inhibitors | ||||||
| Acarbose, n (%) | 3 (2.5%) | 2 (3.0%) | 1 (1.9%) | 1.1% | –4.3 – 6.5% | 0.690 |
| Biguanides | ||||||
| Metformin, n (%) | 49 (40.5%) | 27 (40.3%) | 22 (40.7%) | 0.4% | –17.2 – 18.0% | 0.961 |
| DPP-4 inhibitors | ||||||
| Saxagliptin, n (%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.0% | n. a. | n. a. |
| Sitagliptin, n (%) | 11 (9.1%) | 9 (13.4%) | 2 (3.7%) | 9.7% | –0.1 – 19.5% | 0.064 |
| Vildagliptin, n (%) | 3 (2.5%) | 1 (1.5%) | 2 (3.7%) | 2.2% | –3.6 – 8.0% | 0.437 |
| GLP-1 receptor agonists | ||||||
| Dulaglutide, n (%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.0% | n. a. | n. a. |
| Exenatide, n (%) | 1 (0.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.9%) | 1.9% | –1.7 – 5.5% | 0.263 |
| Liraglutide, n (%) | 2 (1.7%) | 1 (1.5%) | 1 (1.9%) | 0.4% | –4.2 – 5.0% | 0.878 |
| Meglitinides | ||||||
| Nateglinide, n (%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.0% | n. a. | n. a. |
| Repaglinide, n (%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.0% | n. a. | n. a. |
| SGLT-2 inhibitors | ||||||
| Dapagliflozin, n (%) | 1 (0.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.9%) | 1.9% | –1.7 – 5.5% | 0.263 |
| Empagliflozin, n (%) | 1 (0.8%) | 1 (1.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1.5% | –1.4 – 4.4% | 0.367 |
| Sulfonylureas | ||||||
| Glibenclamide, n (%) | 2 (1.7%) | 1 (1.5%) | 1 (1.9%) | 0.4% | –4.2 – 5.0% | 0.878 |
| Glimepiride, n (%) | 12 (9.9%) | 8 (11.9%) | 4 (7.4%) | 4.5% | –6.0 – 15.0% | 0.407 |
| Gliquidone, n (%) | 5 (4.1%) | 3 (4.5%) | 2 (3.7%) | 0.8% | –6.3 – 7.9% | 0.832 |
| Thiazolidinediones | ||||||
| Pioglitazone, n (%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.0% | n. a. | n. a. |
| Rosiglitazone, n (%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.0% | n. a. | n. a. |
| Insulin therapy | ||||||
| Rapid-acting insulin | ||||||
| Insulin aspart, n (%) | 9 (7.4%) | 5 (7.5%) | 4 (7.4%) | 0.1% | –9.3 – 9.5% | 0.991 |
| Insulin glulisine, n (%) | 1 (0.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.9%) | 1.9% | –1.7 – 5.5% | 0.263 |
| Insulin lispro, n (%) | 3 (2.5%) | 1 (1.5%) | 2 (3.7%) | 2.2% | –3.6 – 8.0% | 0.437 |
| Short-acting insulin | ||||||
| Regular insulin, n (%) | 45 (37.2%) | 18 (26.9%) | 27 (50.0%) | 23.1% | 6.1 – 40.1% | 0.009* |
| Intermediate-acting insulin | ||||||
| NPH insulin, n (%) | 13 (10.7%) | 6 (9.0%) | 7 (13.0%) | 4.0% | –7.3 – 15.3% | 0.479 |
| Long-acting insulin | ||||||
| Insulin degludec, n (%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.0% | n. a. | n. a. |
| Insulin detemir, n (%) | 4 (3.3%) | 1 (1.5%) | 3 (5.6%) | 4.1% | –2.7 – 10.9% | 0.214 |
| Insulin glargine, n (%) | 41 (33.9%) | 17 (25.4%) | 24 (44.4%) | 19.0% | 2.2 – 35.8% | 0.028* |
CI, confidence interval; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; n, number; n. a., not applicable; NPH, Neutral Protamine Hagedorn; SGLT-2, sodium-glucose transport protein 2; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; *, statistically significant (P < 0.050).