Table 1.
Baseline patient characteristics in the training and validation sets.
| Characteristics | All patients (n = 133) | Training set (n = 93) | Validation set (n = 40) | P value# |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 53 ± 12 | 54 ± 12 | 51 ± 11 | 0.243 |
| Gender | 0.232 | |||
| Men, n (%) | 116 (87.2) | 79 (84.9) | 37 (92.5) | |
| Women, n (%) | 17 (12.8) | 14 (15.1) | 3 (7.5) | |
| AFP (ng/ml) | 0.807 | |||
| <20 | 57 (42.9) | 39 (41.9) | 18 (45.0) | |
| 20-400 | 24 (18.0) | 16 (17.2) | 8 (20.0) | |
| >400 | 52 (39.1) | 38 (40.9) | 14 (35.0) | |
| ALT (U/L) | 29.0 (5.00, 1048.00) | 26.00 (5.00, 1048.00) | 35.00 (11.00, 125.00) | 0.802 |
| AST (U/L) | 40.50 (9.00, 723.00) | 38.00 (9.00, 723.00) | 52.00(18.00, 324.00) | 0.249 |
| PT (s) | 11.83 ± 1.62 | 11.88 ± 1.80 | 11.69 ± 1.09 | 0.538 |
| ALB (g/L) | 36.32 ± 5.59 | 36.00 ± 5.66 | 37.06 ± 5.36 | 0.287 |
| PLT (109/L) | 160.9 ± 84.8 | 159.92 ± 88.90 | 163.15 ± 75.58 | 0.970 |
| TBIL (µmol/L) | 17.80 ± 10.60 | 16.91 ± 9.59 | 19.59 ± 12.63 | 0.183 |
| BCLC | 0.543 | |||
| B, n (%) | 32 (24.1) | 21 (22.6) | 11 (27.5) | |
| C, n (%) | 101 (75.9) | 72 (77.4) | 29 (72.5) | |
| ECOG performance* | 0.973 | |||
| 0, n (%) | 93 (69.9) | 65 (69.9) | 28 (70.0) | |
| 1, n (%) | 36 (27.1) | 25 (26.9) | 11 (27.5) | |
| 2, n (%) | 4 (3.0) | 3 (3.2) | 1 (2.5) | |
| 3, n (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Child-Pugh grade | 0.877 | |||
| A | 114 (85.7) | 80 (86.0) | 34 (85.0) | |
| B | 19 (14.3) | 13 (14.0) | 6 (15.0) | |
| ALBI | -2.29 ± 0.53 | -2.29 ± 0.53 | −2.29 ± 0.51 | 0.984 |
| ALBI grade | 0.662 | |||
| 1, n (%) | 76 (57.1) | 52 (55.9) | 24 (60.0) | |
| 2, n (%) | 57 (42.9) | 41 (44.1) | 16 (40.0) | |
| Tumor number | 0.773 | |||
| <3 nodules, n (%) | 84 (63.2) | 58 (62.4) | 26 (65.0) | |
| ≥3 nodules, n (%) | 49 (36.8) | 35 (37.6) | 14 (35.0) | |
| Tumor size (cm) | 7.41 ± 4.30 | 7.43 ± 4.38 | 7.35 ± 4.16 | 0.922 |
| Embolus | 0.215 | |||
| Absent, n (%) | 74 (55.6) | 55 (59.1) | 19 (47.5) | |
| Present, n (%) | 59 (44.4) | 38 (40.9) | 21 (52.5) | |
| Extrahepatic metastasis | 0.845 | |||
| Absent, n (%) | 105 (78.9) | 73 (78.5) | 32 (80.0) | |
| Present, n (%) | 28 (21.1) | 20 (21.5) | 8 (20.0) | |
| LS value of tumorous foci by SWE (kPa) | 17.49 ± 7.47 | 17.70 ± 7.78 | 16.87 ± 6.68 | 0.557 |
| LS value of adjacent normal liver tissue by SWE (kPa) | 14.32 ± 8.30 | 13.96 ± 8.26 | 15.16 ± 8.44 | 0.409 |
AFP, α-fetoprotein; ALB, albumin; ALBI, albumin-bilirubin; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BCLC, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer; ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; LS, liver stiffness; PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1; PLT, platelet count; SWE, shear-wave elastography; PT, prothrombin time; TBIL, total bilirubin.
ALBI score = (log10 bilirubin × 0.66) + (albumin × −0.085). *Fisher’s exact test, others used χ² tests. #Comparison between the validation and training sets.