Table 3.
Exosomal tetraspanin and surface markers.
| Type of cancer | Protein marker | Number of patients/controls | Source of exosome/amount of Sample | Isolation technique | Diagnostic accuracy of proposed marker | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lung cancer | CD91 | 105/73 | Serum/50 µl | MSIA (immunoaffinity capture) | AUC = 0.724, sensitivity = 60.0%, specificity = 89.0%. | (73) |
| Control group includes 54 healthy individuals and 19 interstitial pneumonia patients. | ||||||
| TSPAN8, CD151 | 336/126 | Plasma/10 µl | EV array (immunoaffinity capture) | AUCTSPAN8 = 0.60, AUCCD151 = 0.68. Patient group is composed of individuals with three types of lung cancer. Control group is composed of non-cancer patients having symptoms of cancer. | (74) | |
| Breast cancer | CD82 | 80/80 | Serum/500 µl | ExoQuick Kit (SBI) | Significantly increased in 30 representative samples. | (75) |
| Control group is composed of patients with benign breast disease. | ||||||
| Colorectal cancer | CD9, CD147 | 194/191 | Serum/5 µl | ExoScreen (immunoaffinity capture) | AUCCD9/CD147 = 0.820. | (76) |
| Double-positive exosomes were used as diagnostic markers. | ||||||
| Pancreatic cancer | TSPAN8 | 131/79 | Serum/1~1.5 ml | Sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation | Positive in 90% of patient samples. | (77) |
| Control group include patients with chronic pancreatitis benign pancreatic tumor and non-pancreatic tumor and healthy volunteers. | ||||||
| Prostate cancer | CD9, CD81 | 70/14 | Plasma/over 3 ml | Ultracentrifugation | Significantly increased (CD9) in five representative patient samples. Significantly decreased (CD81) in four representative patient samples. | (78) |
| CD9 | 6/10 | Plasma/2,500 µg of protein | Ultracentrifugation/EV assay | Significantly increased in six representative samples. | (79) | |
| Control group is composed of patients with benign prostate hyperplasia. | ||||||
| P-glycoprotein | 4/6 | Serum/1 ml | Differential centrifugation | Increased in 4 docetaxel-resistant prostate cancer compared to 6 treatment-naïve patients. | (80) | |
| Melanoma | CD63 | 90/58 | Plasma/unspecified | Ultracentrifugation | Sensitivity = 96.5%, specificity = 43%. AUC unspecified. | (81) |
| Oral squamous cell carcinoma | CD63 | 10 | Plasma/1 ml | Ultracentrifugation | Significantly decreased among 10 representative samples. | (82) |
| Comparison was made between patients before and after surgery. |
EV, extracellular vesicle; AUC, area under the curve.