Table 5.
Tumor-associated exosomal protein.
| Type of cancer | Protein marker | Number of patients/control | Source of exosome/amount of sample | Isolation technique | Diagnostic accuracy of proposed marker | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glioblastoma | EGFR | 24/8 | Plasma/unspecified | Differential centrifugation | AUCEGFR = 0.78, sensitivity = 64.0%, specificity = 88.0%. AUCEGFRVIII = 0.88, sensitivity = 68.0%, specificity = 100.0%. |
(91) |
| Lung cancer | EGFR | 9 | Plasma/100 µl | Immunoaffinity capture | Positive in five representative samples. | (92) |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | LG3BP, PIGR | 29/32 | Serum/1 ml | Ultracentrifugation | AUCLG3BP = 0.904. Sensitivity = 96.6%, specificity = 71.8%. AUCPIGR = 0.837. Sensitivity = 82.8%, specificity = 71.8%. |
(93) |
| Colorectal cancer | Glypican-1 | 102/80 | Plasma/10 ml blood | ExoCap™ kit (JSR)/immunoaffinity capture | Significantly decreased in cancer patients after surgery treatment compared to patients before surgery treatment. Significantly increased in patients compared to healthy control. | (94) |
| Glypican-1 | 85 | Plasma/20 ml blood | ExoCap™ kit (JSR)/immunoaffinity capture | Significantly decreased in cancer patients after surgery treatment compared to patients before surgery treatment. Significantly increased in late stage of cancer. | (95) | |
| Pancreatic cancer | c-Met | 30/40 | Serum/250 µl | Total Exosome Isolation Kit (Invitrogen) | Sensitivity = 70%, specificity = 85%. Diagnostic odds ratio = 13:2. AUCdiagnostic not provided. AUCprognostic = 0.779. Control group include non-malignant subjects, serous cystadenoma subjects, and chronic pancreatitis subjects. | (96) |
| Glypican-1 | 62/20 | Serum/250 µl | Sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation | AUC = 1.0. Sensitivity = 100.0%, specificity = 100.0%. | (97) | |
| Glypican-1 | 27/16 | Plasma/1~1.5 ml | Ultracentrifugation | AUC = 0.59. Sensitivity = 74.0%, specificity = 44.0%. Control group is composed of patients with benign pancreatic disease. |
(98) | |
| Glypican-1 | 24/26 | Serum/2 ml | Sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation | AUC = 0.885. | (99) | |
| Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma | Glypican-1 | 22/28 | Serum/250 µl | Total Exosome Isolation Kit (Invitrogen) | AUC = 0.78 for GPC1+ exosomes in portal and peripheral blood. Sensitivity = 64.0%, specificity = 90.0%. | (100) |
| Ovarian cancer | CD24, EpCAM, CA-125 | 15/5 | Plasma/20 µl | ExoSearch Chip/immunoaffinity capture | AUCCD24 = 0.9067. AUCEpCAM = 1.000. AUCCA-125 = 1.000 | (101) |
| Melanoma | PD-L1 | 44/11 | Plasma/250 µl | TEI kit (Invitrogen)/ultracentrifugation | AUC = 0.9184. Sensitivity = 80.00%, specificity = 89.47%. | (102) |
| Caveolin-1 | 90/58 | Plasma/unspecified | Ultracentrifugation | Sensitivity = 69%, specificity = 96.3%. | (81) | |
| Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas | PD-L1 | 40 | Plasma/1 ml | Size exclusion chromatography/Immunoaffinity capture | Significantly increased in cancer patients with active disease and late stage (UICC stage III/IV) cancer. | (103) |
If no specified AUC, sensitivity, or specificity is claimed in the reference, no precise numerical data for diagnostic accuracy are included in this table.
AUC, area under the curve.