Figure 3.

EVs from F. pedrosoi and F. nubica isolated from the rich medium can promote TNF production by bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). MM MC- stands for minimum medium without muriform cells and MM MC+ for minimum medium in the presence of muriform cells. EVs (80 ng/mL of sterol content) from F. pedrosoi (A, D), F. nubica (B, E), and F. erecta (C, F) grown in RM, MM MC-, and MM MC+ were incubated with 1x10⁶ BMDMs in the presence or absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 500 ng/mL) for 24h. Cytokine production was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). For all plots, * indicates p < 0.05, ** indicates p < 0.01, *** indicates p < 0.001, **** indicates p < 0.0001 compared to negative and positive controls according to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results presented in this work refer to a representative triplicate group experiment of at least two independent assays.