TABLE 2.
Trends of deaths and corresponding ASR attributable to high LDL-C in 1990 and 2019.
| Characteristics | Death in 1990, n (95%UI) | Age-standardized death rate per 100,000 in 1990, n (95%UI) | Death in 2019, n (95%UI) | Age-standardized death rate per 100,000 in 2019, n (95%UI) | EAPC of death from 1990 to 2019,% (95%CI) | EAPC of age-standardized death rates from 1990 to 2019, n (95%CI) |
| Overall | 3002610.9 (2350832.4, 3761875.1) | 89.3 (67.1, 115.6) | 4396983.3 (3301257.8, 5651785.3) | 56.5 (41.8, 73.6) | –1.7% (–1.8%, –1.6%) | –36.7% (–40.6%, –33.1%) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 1429806.6 (1066417.3, 1869598.3) | 76.2 (55.2, 102) | 2037019.9 (1430378.7, 2735095.4) | 46.5 (32.7, 62.4) | –1.9% (–1.9%, –1.8%) | –38.9% (–43.7%, –34.6%) |
| Male | 1572804.3 (1270174.6, 1913519) | 103.6 (79.5, 131.9) | 2359963.4 (1831942.7, 2955417.3) | 67.3 (50.8, 86.4) | –1.6% (–1.6%, –1.5%) | –35% (–39.6%, –30.5%) |
| Socio-demographic index | ||||||
| High SDI | 965808 (726808.3, 1233486.8) | 93.9 (70.9, 119.7) | 692928.3 (483134.6, 942793.5) | 32.9 (24, 43.5) | –3.8% (–4.1%, –3.6%) | –64.9% (–67.1%, –62.8%) |
| High-middle SDI | 1048885 (816364.8, 1328195.3) | 115.8 (86.9, 151.9) | 1387922.1 (1023850.4, 1829040) | 70.7 (51.8, 93.7) | –2% (–2.2%, –1.8%) | –39% (–42.8%, –35.5%) |
| Middle SDI | 563865.3 (450489.3, 708879.4) | 66.5 (49.8, 87.2) | 1354977.9 (1035814.4, 1729138.1) | 62.6 (45.5, 82.5) | –0.1% (–0.2%, 0%) | –5.9% (–15%, 2.2%) |
| Low-middle SDI | 315039.5 (250427, 394004) | 60.4 (45.4, 79.1) | 725430.7 (556524.7, 915367.9) | 58.4 (43.1, 76.1) | –0.1% (–0.1%, 0%) | –3.3% (–13.7%, 6.1%) |
| Low SDI | 107449.5 (82914.5, 138543.8) | 51.9 (37.9, 70.5) | 233277.2 (177952.9, 295556.1) | 49.9 (36, 66.4) | –0.2% (–0.2%, –0.1%) | –3.9% (–16.1%, 6.9%) |
| Geographic regions | ||||||
| Andean Latin America | 8878.1 (6776.6, 11530.8) | 47.9 (35.1, 64.1) | 15885.4 (11266.8, 21610.2) | 29.4 (20.5, 40.2) | –1.6% (–1.8%, –1.4%) | –38.6% (–50.8%, –24.9%) |
| Australasia | 21257 (15991.2, 26994.5) | 96 (71.4, 122.8) | 17343.4 (11724.4, 23585.6) | 31.4 (22.1, 42) | –4.2% (–4.4%, –3.9%) | –67.3% (–70.4%, –64.5%) |
| Caribbean | 19616.4 (14957.2, 24867.3) | 81.7 (61, 105.6) | 29568.9 (21427.1, 38714.5) | 56.9 (41.2, 74.5) | –1.3% (–1.5%, –1%) | –30.4% (–39%, –21.1%) |
| Central Asia | 60238.7 (46859.3, 75028) | 141.7 (105.8, 182) | 93873.2 (72198.4, 118455.1) | 155.8 (111.2, 206.2) | –0.1% (–0.5%, 0.4%) | 10% (1.1%, 19.2%) |
| Central Europe | 220061.4 (169872.8, 276861.7) | 168.2 (126.8, 215.3) | 187517.6 (129876.4, 255862.8) | 86 (60.3, 116.3) | –2.7% (–2.9%, –2.6%) | –48.9% (–55.1%, –43%) |
| Central Latin America | 44054.2 (34471.8, 54584.3) | 59.9 (44.4, 77) | 103225.3 (75849.5, 133950.8) | 45.3 (32.9, 59.6) | –1.1% (–1.2%, –0.9%) | –24.4% (–33.3%, –13.7%) |
| Central Sub-Saharan Africa | 9302.9 (6700.4, 12569.1) | 49.5 (33.9, 69) | 20068.9 (13639.1, 27863.6) | 45.3 (28.9, 66.9) | –0.4% (–0.5%, –0.4%) | –8.6% (–26.3%, 13.2%) |
| East Asia | 330873.8 (255640.7, 431857.2) | 49 (35.3, 68.3) | 945415.7 (670742, 1278097) | 55.1 (37.3, 76.3) | 0.9% (0.7%, 1.1%) | 12.3% (–5.6%, 32.3%) |
| Eastern Europe | 470672.1 (363126.3, 600428) | 191 (144.7, 248.4) | 542562.6 (401965.6, 704241.3) | 157.4 (117, 203.2) | –1.2% (–1.7%, –0.8%) | –17.6% (–24.9%, –9.7%) |
| Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa | 20198.4 (14778.3, 27146.9) | 32.2 (22.2, 45.9) | 45501.6 (31509.7, 62131.1) | 33.2 (21.4, 47.4) | 0.1% (0%, 0.1%) | 3.2% (–20%, 24.5%) |
| High-income Asia Pacific | 81885.9 (59999, 111931.8) | 47.3 (33.1, 66.6) | 93396.4 (59679, 140617) | 16.7 (11.6, 23.8) | –3.6% (–3.8%, –3.5%) | –64.6% (–67.9%, –61.9%) |
| High-income North America | 378383.7 (286525.9, 476114.7) | 105.8 (81.4, 131.7) | 248784.4 (174969.8, 335812.4) | 37.1 (27.1, 49) | –3.8% (–4.1%, –3.6%) | –64.9% (–68%, –61.9%) |
| North Africa and Middle East | 213915.8 (172149.4, 259172.8) | 140.5 (107.6, 178.2) | 401216.8 (309136.4, 506065.5) | 103.3 (75.3, 135.6) | –1.2% (–1.2%, –1.1%) | –26.5% (–35.2%, –18.6%) |
| Oceania | 2442.4 (1870.2, 3199) | 84.5 (63.6, 112.6) | 6332.9 (4820.4, 8483.4) | 91.1 (67.2, 123.5) | 0.3% (0.2%, 0.3%) | 7.7% (–9.6%, 30%) |
| South Asia | 321684.1 (255937.9, 402587) | 62.7 (47.5, 83.1) | 778372.3 (596988.5, 982064.4) | 59.9 (44.5, 77.7) | –0.2% (–0.3%, –0.1%) | –4.4% (–19.4%, 9.4%) |
| Southeast Asia | 124397.4 (97636.4, 158909.1) | 56.2 (42.1, 75.2) | 299162.7 (229075.4, 378090.2) | 55.2 (40.2, 73) | 0% (–0.1%, 0.1%) | –1.8% (–14%, 9.4%) |
| Southern Latin America | 32278.4 (24533.7, 41118.5) | 78 (58, 101.2) | 31494.7 (23237.3, 41310.5) | 37.2 (27.8, 48.5) | –2.5% (–2.7%, –2.3%) | –52.2% (–54.8%, –49.5%) |
| Southern Sub-Saharan Africa | 9602.4 (7222.3, 12604.2) | 38.5 (27.9, 52.9) | 20005.3 (14891.5, 26258.8) | 41.6 (29.5, 57.5) | 0.4% (–0.1%, 0.8%) | 7.9% (–2.5%, 18.6%) |
| Tropical Latin America | 69531.3 (56053, 85327.8) | 87.7 (67.1, 113.7) | 101999.6 (80130.1, 129224.8) | 43.3 (33.5, 56) | –2.3% (–2.4%, –2.2%) | –50.6% (–53.2%, –48%) |
| Western Europe | 529815.2 (393312.7, 689930.1) | 91.8 (69.2, 118.8) | 348488 (235099.8, 486254.3) | 32.2 (23, 43.4) | –4% (–4.2%, –3.7%) | –64.9% (–67.5%, –62.3%) |
| Western Sub-Saharan Africa | 33521.2 (23253.2, 46745.4) | 46.5 (30.9, 67.1) | 66767.8 (47389.9, 88975.1) | 43 (29.1, 59.4) | –0.3% (–0.4%, –0.2%) | –7.5% (–30%, 10.9%) |
ASR, age-standardized rate; UI, uncertainty interval; EAPC, estimated annual percentage change; CI, confidence interval; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol.