TABLE 3.
Trends of DALYs and corresponding ASR attributable to high LDL-C in 1990 and 2019.
| Characteristics | DALY in 1990, n (95%UI) | Age-standardized DALY rate per 100,000 in 1990, n (95%UI) | DALY in 2019, n (95%UI) | Age-standardized DALY rate per 100,000 in 2019, n (95%UI) | EAPC of DALY from 1990 to 2019,% (95%CI) | EAPC of age-standardized DALY rates from 1990 to 2019, % (95% CI) |
| Overall | 69718898.1 (58516399.6, 83278990.5) | 1779.9 (1465.1, 2154.3) | 98618020.8 (80335172.4, 118987709.3) | 1207.2 (975.1, 1461.1) | –1.5% (–1.5%, –1.4%) | –32.2% (–36.7%, –27.8%) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 28291096.8 (23140593.7, 35000010) | 1368.2 (1103.4, 1703.6) | 39004193.7 (30595475, 48738967.5) | 898.3 (706, 1120.4) | –1.6% (–1.7%, –1.6%) | –32.4% (–39.8%, –29%) |
| Male | 41427801.2 (35215234.8, 48297678.1) | 2207.7 (1825.4, 2639.9) | 59613827 (49348638.5, 71183124.8) | 1528.7 (1250.3, 1833.4) | –1.4% (–1.4%, –1.3%) | –30.8% (–36.3%, –25.2%) |
| Socio-demographic index | ||||||
| High SDI | 18098188.5 (14880515, 21624697.5) | 1777.7 (1475.5, 2109.5) | 11836269.6 (9371712.3, 14751584) | 673.6 (551.6, 813.6) | –3.5% (–3.8%, –3.3%) | –62.1% (–64.1%, –59.9%) |
| High-middle SDI | 23350467.3 (19585604.3, 27876658.3) | 2249 (1860.7, 2742.3) | 27375113.4 (22092050.3, 33387173.7) | 1372.1 (1107.4, 1671.7) | –2.1% (–2.4%, –1.9%) | –39% (–43.1%, –35.1%) |
| Middle SDI | 15653910.6 (13178411.2, 18667615) | 1451.8 (1183.6, 1785) | 32890593.9 (26876976.9, 39383673.9) | 1318 (1060.4, 1606.7) | –0.2% (–0.3%, –0.2%) | –9.2% (–17.9%, –1.1%) |
| Low-middle SDI | 9372874.4 (7696133.5, 11270657.4) | 1426 (1150.3, 1759.6) | 19679526.6 (16047461.3, 23815769.8) | 1367.5 (1088.8, 1676.5) | –0.1% (–0.1%, 0%) | –4.1% (–15%, 6.6%) |
| Low SDI | 3206519.4 (2550203.6, 4002083.7) | 1231.4 (959, 1564.7) | 6777758.8 (5396659.4, 8336559.5) | 1166.2 (909, 1456) | –0.2% (–0.3%, –0.2%) | –5.3% (–16.7%, 6.2%) |
| Geographic regions | ||||||
| Andean Latin America | 214986.6 (176154.8, 259842) | 990.4 (791.3, 1226.2) | 338055.1 (257785.8, 436204.5) | 592.6 (448.6, 768.5) | –1.7% (–2%, –1.5%) | –40.2% (–52.1%, –26.1%) |
| Australasia | 410350.7 (336783.2, 490764.5) | 1802.7 (1486.7, 2147.1) | 263625.2 (203847.3, 330399.4) | 550 (441.6, 669.4) | –4.3% (–4.6%, –4%) | –69.5% (–71.4%, –67.3%) |
| Caribbean | 455640.5 (374637.1, 544269.6) | 1740 (1415.5, 2093.8) | 655675.4 (510901.3, 817921.3) | 1268.5 (989, 1582.9) | –1.1% (–1.3%, –0.9%) | –27.1% (–37.6%, –16.1%) |
| Central Asia | 1402715.2 (1168262.6, 1660512.6) | 2958.8 (2409.9, 3553.8) | 2285623.4 (1861650.7, 2772349.5) | 3067.4 (2409.3, 3821.8) | –0.4% (–0.8%, 0.1%) | 3.7% (–5.6%, 14.6%) |
| Central Europe | 4650950 (3904057.2, 5496381.6) | 3275.1 (2728.9, 3895.7) | 3168229 (2387448.3, 4062823.7) | 1549.6 (1199.8, 1947.4) | –3% (–3.2%, –2.9%) | –52.7% (–58.7%, –46.9%) |
| Central Latin America | 1087162.1 (916899.4, 1277380) | 1235.7 (1012.7, 1482.5) | 2216093.8 (1761184.4, 2717539.2) | 924.1 (727, 1141.8) | –1.1% (–1.3%, –0.9%) | –25.2% (–34.6%, –13.8%) |
| Central Sub-Saharan Africa | 273853.1 (203048.3, 363785) | 1122.5 (814.7, 1507.9) | 567789.2 (400014.4, 774693.9) | 976.6 (675.2, 1350.1) | –0.6% (–0.6%, –0.5%) | –13% (–31.4%, 9.9%) |
| East Asia | 9264760.1 (7479533.2, 11506939.6) | 1050.7 (831.8, 1349.4) | 20511633.7 (15776519.1, 25975823.2) | 1048.1 (801.9, 1338.9) | 0.4% (0.2%, 0.5%) | –0.2% (–16.2%, 18.8%) |
| Eastern Europe | 9878553.9 (8238415.9, 11819198.9) | 3674 (3038.6, 4433) | 10286201.8 (8116438, 12600339.5) | 3079.1 (2456.4, 3744.3) | –1.3% (–1.9%, –0.7%) | –16.2% (–24.4%, –6.7%) |
| Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa | 595033.3 (454677.4, 775496.6) | 736.3 (546.3, 976.2) | 1280317.2 (940318.7, 1665083.3) | 718 (511.8, 955.1) | –0.2% (–0.2%, –0.1%) | –2.5% (–25.1%, 19.6%) |
| High-income Asia Pacific | 1674595.9 (1352932.6, 2098587.9) | 865.6 (689.5, 1111.9) | 1431401.3 (1041808.3, 1969403.1) | 343.2 (273.8, 434.2) | –3.2% (–3.3%, –3.1%) | –60.4% (–62.4%, –57.8%) |
| High-income North America | 7085690.9 (5855628.9, 8332418.2) | 2087.8 (1762.9, 2419.9) | 4542008.8 (3601870, 5575724.4) | 780.3 (636.3, 938.8) | –3.5% (–3.8%, –3.3%) | –62.6% (–65.2%, –60.3%) |
| North Africa and Middle East | 5917147.9 (4939964.8, 6959645.8) | 3201.1 (2628.8, 3822.8) | 10449397.8 (8403498.4, 12688546.4) | 2235.4 (1767.8, 2767.8) | –1.4% (–1.5%, –1.4%) | –30.2% (–39%, –20.9%) |
| Oceania | 81860.4 (63537.2, 106052.7) | 2273.2 (1758.2, 2950.4) | 209075.7 (160857.2, 272633) | 2396.1 (1837.2, 3185.8) | 0.2% (0.2%, 0.3%) | 5.4% (–13%, 29.5%) |
| South Asia | 10035748.5 (8235497.6, 12179541.2) | 1541.5 (1234, 1911.5) | 22064652.2 (17543323.4, 27071516) | 1466.4 (1154.4, 1816.8) | –0.1% (–0.2%, 0%) | –4.9% (–20%, 9.7%) |
| Southeast Asia | 3558981.1 (2942496.1, 4332432.8) | 1282.3 (1029.8, 1606.5) | 7994791.1 (6469368.9, 9703182.6) | 1249.2 (996.3, 1543.5) | 0% (–0.1%, 0.1%) | –2.6% (–14.4%, 9.7%) |
| Southern Latin America | 678354 (561360.3, 812908.7) | 1510.5 (1236.6, 1819.5) | 598356.2 (490744.3, 726766.9) | 733.4 (606.9, 885.5) | –2.5% (–2.6%, –2.3%) | –51.5% (–54%, –48.9%) |
| Southern Sub-Saharan Africa | 266949.9 (215194.6, 331269) | 898.5 (705, 1143.4) | 500743.9 (399020.4, 616114.6) | 865 (666.5, 1092.1) | 0% (–0.5%, 0.4%) | –3.7% (–13.4%, 5.8%) |
| Tropical Latin America | 1849692.2 (1572583.1, 2174450) | 1921.8 (1599.2, 2306.4) | 2422997 (2040965.2, 2853889.2) | 982.6 (819.5, 1163.9) | –2.2% (–2.3%, –2.1%) | –48.9% (–51.4%, –46.3%) |
| Western Europe | 9471373.2 (7685248.2, 11548884.2) | 1697.3 (1408.6, 2037.3) | 5083993.8 (3863904.5, 6500930.5) | 572.5 (462.4, 695.2) | –4.1% (–4.3%, –3.8%) | –66.3% (–67.9%, –64.7%) |
| Western Sub-Saharan Africa | 864498.5 (629642.6, 1178057.5) | 965.5 (688, 1330.3) | 1747359.1 (1302306.3, 2260966.3) | 875.8 (637, 1151) | –0.4% (–0.5%, –0.3%) | –9.3% (–30.1%, 10%) |
DALY, disability-adjusted life year; ASR, age-standardized rate; UI, uncertainty interval; EAPC, estimated annual percentage change; CI, confidence interval; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol.