Table 1.
Patient characteristics by HIV infection and exposure status.
|
PHIV n = 110 |
HEU n = 36 |
HU n = 69 |
P-value Overall |
P-value PHIV vs. HEU |
P-value HEU vs. HU |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics and clinical characteristics | ||||||
| Median age in years (IQR) | 14.3 (13.1–14.8) | 13.9 (12.5–15.5) | 13.4 (12.0–14.7) | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.4 |
| Sex, male | 53 (48%) | 20 (56%) | 38 (55%) | 0.6 | 0.4 | 1.0 |
| Tanner staging | ||||||
| Prepubertal (stage 1) | 7 (6%) | 5 (14%) | 5 (7%) | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 |
| Pubertal (stage ≥2) | 103 (93%) | 31 (86%) | 64 (93%) | |||
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| African | 99 (90%) | 31 (86%) | 31 (45%) | <0.0001 | 0.5 | <0.0001 |
| Mixed ethnicity | 11 (10%) | 5 (14%) | 38 (55%) | |||
| Median anthropometric parameters [Median (IQR)] | ||||||
| BMI z-score | −0.02 (−0.81–0.66) | −0.15 (−0.76–0.24) | 0.01 (−0.72–0.87) | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.5 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 66.5 (62.3–72.7) | 64.8 (61.9–67.9) | 69.7 (63.4–74.9) | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.06 |
| Waist-hip ratio | 0.83 (0.79–0.86) | 0.79 (0.77–0.84) | 0.81 (0.78–0.84) | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.1 |
| Weight category | ||||||
| Lean (BMI z-score ≤ +1) | 93 (85%) | 33 (92%) | 55 (80%) | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.3 |
| Overweight (BMI z-score > +1 to +2) | 11 (10%) | 1 (3%) | 8 (11%) | |||
| Obese (BMI z-score >+2) | 6 (5%) | 2 (6%) | 6 (9%) | |||
| Fasting metabolic profiles [Median (IQR)] | ||||||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.10 (3.64–4.69) | 3.60 (3.03–4.03) | 3.97 (3.49–4.35) | 0.001 | 0.0003 | 0.006 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 0.90 (0.69–1.29) | 0.57 (0.40–0.79) | 0.63 (0.49–0.75) | 0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.4 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 2.23 (1.77–2.76) | 1.43 (1.38–2.34) | 2.25 (1.82–2.62) | 0.02 | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.37 (1.20–1.59) | 1.44 (1.21–1.62) | 1.38 (1.19–1.60) | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 |
| TG-to-HDL ratio | 0.65 (0.45–0.96) | 0.38 (0.30–0.54) | 0.45 (0.35–0.65) | 0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.3 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.5 (4.3–4.9) | 4.6 (4.1–4.9) | 4.6 (4.4–4.8) | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.6 |
| Insulin (μIU/mL) | 10.7 (7.7–17.5) | 8.6 (5.7–14.6) | 9.0 (6.4–14.3) | 0.05 | 0.07 | 1.0 |
| HOMA | 2.20 (1.50–3.38) | 1.65 (1.24–3.05) | 1.80 (1.21–3.07) | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.8 |
| TyG | 7.9 (7.6–8.3) | 7.5 (7.1–7.8) | 7.6 (7.3–7.8) | 0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.4 |
| Immune and viral suppression [Median (IQR)] | ||||||
| CD4 (cells/uL) at ART start | 1327 (756–1849) | - | - | |||
| CD4% at ART start | 26.2 (19.0–36.7) | - | - | |||
| Most recent CD4 (cells/uL) | 818 (654–1011) | - | - | |||
| % with suppressed HIV viral load (<50 copies/ml) | 97% | - | - | |||
| Duration of suppression of HIV viraemia (years) | 9.2 (4.6–12.1) | - | - | |||
| Median age at ART initiation (months) | 2.7 (1.8–8.5) | - | - | |||
| Initial antiretrovirals | - | - | ||||
| Zidovudine | 110 (100%) | |||||
| Lamivudine | 110 (100%) | |||||
| Lopinavir/ritonavir | 97 (88%) | |||||
| Nevirapine | 13 (12%) | |||||
| Current antiretrovirals | ||||||
| Abacavir | 23 (21%) | |||||
| Zidovudine | 76 (69%) | |||||
| Tenofovir | 10 (9%) | |||||
| Lamivudine | 107 (97%) | |||||
| Emtricitabine | 1 (1%) | |||||
| Efavirenz | 10 (9%) | |||||
| Nevirapine | 7 (6%) | |||||
| Lopinavir/ritonavir | 77 (70%) | |||||
| Atazanavir/ritonavir | 4 (4%) | |||||
| Darunavir | 2 (2%) | |||||
| Dolutegravir | 11 (10%) | |||||
ALT, alanine transaminase; APRI, AST-to-platelet ratio index; ART, antiretroviral therapy; AST, aspartate transaminase; BMI, body mass index; CAP, controlled attenuation parameter; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HEU, HIV-exposed uninfected; HOMA, homeostatic model assessment; HU, HIV-unexposed; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; PHIV, children with perinatally acquired HIV; TE, transient elastography; TG, triglycerides; TyG, triglyceride-glucose index.