Table 3.
Lifestyle and obstetric factors
| Variables | Total, % (on) | Intervention, % (n) | Control, % (n) | χ 2value | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taking alcohol during pregnancy | |||||
| Yes | 14.7 (161) | 12.1 (67) | 17.2 (94) | 5.719 | 0.017 |
| No | 85.3 (936) | 87.9 (485) | 82.8 (451) | ||
| Smoking during pregnancy | |||||
| Yes | 2.6 (29) | 1.1 (6) | 4.2 (23) | 10.461 | 0.001 |
| No | 97.4 (1068) | 98.9 (546) | 522 (95.8) | ||
| Partner smoking | |||||
| Yes | 11.7 (128) | 7.6 (42) | 15.8 (86) | 17.765 | <0.001 |
| No | 88.3 (969) | 92.4 (510) | 84.2 (459) | ||
| ANC visit | |||||
| Yes | 94.4 (1036) | 94.4 (521) | 94.5 (515) | 0.006 | 0.936 |
| No | 5.6 (61) | 5.6 (31) | 5.5 (30) | ||
| ANC frequency | |||||
| 1 | 20.0 (207) | 22.6 (118) | 17.3 (89) | 4.866 | 0.182 |
| 2 | 16.9 (175) | 15.9 (83) | 17.9 (92) | ||
| 3 | 29.2 (303) | 28.8 (150) | 29.7 (153) | ||
| 4+ | 33.9 (351) | 32.6 (170) | 35.1 (181) | ||
| HIV status | |||||
| Negative | 95.5 (1048) | 94.2 (520) | 96.9 (528) | 4.608 | 0.032 |
| Positive | 4.5 (49) | 5.8 (32) | 3.1 (17) | ||
Note: Bolded p value indicate significant association at p < 0.05.
Abbreviations: ANC, antenatal care; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus.