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. 2022 May 10;18(3):e13367. doi: 10.1111/mcn.13367

Table 3.

Lifestyle and obstetric factors

Variables Total, % (on) Intervention, % (n) Control, % (n) χ 2value p value
Taking alcohol during pregnancy
Yes 14.7 (161) 12.1 (67) 17.2 (94) 5.719 0.017
No 85.3 (936) 87.9 (485) 82.8 (451)
Smoking during pregnancy
Yes 2.6 (29) 1.1 (6) 4.2 (23) 10.461 0.001
No 97.4 (1068) 98.9 (546) 522 (95.8)
Partner smoking
Yes 11.7 (128) 7.6 (42) 15.8 (86) 17.765 <0.001
No 88.3 (969) 92.4 (510) 84.2 (459)
ANC visit
Yes 94.4 (1036) 94.4 (521) 94.5 (515) 0.006 0.936
No 5.6 (61) 5.6 (31) 5.5 (30)
ANC frequency
1 20.0 (207) 22.6 (118) 17.3 (89) 4.866 0.182
2 16.9 (175) 15.9 (83) 17.9 (92)
3 29.2 (303) 28.8 (150) 29.7 (153)
4+ 33.9 (351) 32.6 (170) 35.1 (181)
HIV status
Negative 95.5 (1048) 94.2 (520) 96.9 (528) 4.608 0.032
Positive 4.5 (49) 5.8 (32) 3.1 (17)

Note: Bolded p value indicate significant association at p < 0.05.

Abbreviations: ANC, antenatal care; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus.