Table 3.
Prevalence and RRs for nonverbal cognitive development, by BMF initiation and duration
| Nonverbal cognitive development | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Optimal | Suboptimal | Crude RRb | Adjusted RRb (95% CI) | ||
| n (%)a | n (%)a | (95% CI) | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
| BMF initiation | (n = 4075) | (n = 3959) | (n = 3592) | ||
| Never breastfed | 713 (79.8) | 170 (20.2) | 1.48 (1.11–1.98) | 1.39 (1.11–1.75) | 1.29 (1.09–1.53) |
| Ever breastfed | 2749 (85.4) | 443 (14.6) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| BMF duration | (n = 3870) | (n = 3765) | (n = 3422) | ||
| Never breastfed | 713 (79.8) | 170 (20.2) | 1.58 (1.17–2.13) | 1.52 (1.17–1.97) | 1.42 (1.09–1.85) |
| >0 to <2 Months | 379 (82.8) | 72 (17.2) | 1.26 (0.80–1.98) | 1.49 (0.98–2.26) | 1.44 (0.89–2.34) |
| 2 to <4 Months | 761 (86.4) | 115 (13.6) | 0.97 (0.74–1.27) | 0.97 (0.75–1.26) | 1.01 (0.74–1.37) |
| 4 to <6 Months | 485 (86.5) | 73 (13.5) | 0.99 (0.71–1.38) | 0.94 (0.68–1.31) | 0.95 (0.63–1.43) |
| ≥6 Months | 959 (86.4) | 143 (13.6) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| p | 0.007 | <0.001 | 0.003 | ||
Note: Model 1: Adjusted for child sex, CA at assessment and perinatal risk. Model 2: Adjusted for child sex, CA at assessment, perinatal risk, maternal age, parity, type of pregnancy, mother's country of birth, mother's educational level and family situation.
Abbreviations: BMF, breast milk feeding (mother's own milk); CA, corrected age; CI, confidence interval; RR, risk ratio.
Proportions were calculated using inverse probability weights to account for nonresponse bias.
RRs were derived from the weighted sample (inverse probability of participating at the 2 years CA follow‐up), multilevel mixed‐effects generalized linear regression models with random intercepts at the country and mother level.