Table 4.

Content, delivery and outcomes in home‐based interventions

Reference	Aims	Content	Delivery	Child obesity measures	Diet and PA outcomes
de la Haye et al. (2019)	To draw on social influence and social network theories to identify features of family social networks that support or hinder the outcomes of a novel early childhood obesity prevention programme delivered to mothers and infants to test the possibility that it may improve mothers' diet, physical activity and weights status as well as infant diet and weight trajectory	Diet, PA and behaviour Intervention: Home visitation programme plus obesity prevention: One home visit per week delivered in line with the family's preferences and cultural practices, which focused on dietary strategies, such as increasing fruit and vegetables and reducing foods high in saturated fat, SSBs and fruit juice and advised on healthy portion sizes. PA advice was as per PA guidelines for children and adults, focused on making play and PA a daily habit. Control: Home visitation programme only Duration: 6 months	Mothers and their infants enroled on the home visitation programmes with sessions run by home visitors	No significant outcomes	Decrease in SSBs in children whose mother's social network characteristic had contact daily/almost daily (p < 0.05). Significant decrease in SSB in children whose mother's network characteristics lived in the same neighbourhood and had contact daily/almost daily (p < 0.05)
Haines et al. (2018)	To test the feasibility and acceptability of the ‘Guelph Family Health Study' intervention, a home‐based obesity prevention intervention based on the healthy habits, happy homes intervention. The secondary aim was to examine the impact of the intervention on child dietary intake, activity level, sleep and adiposity	Diet and PA Intervention: Home visits for families focused on the diet (such as limiting SSB consumption and family meals), family PA, establishing sleep routines, increasing child sleep duration and limiting sedentary activities. Families had the option to set a behaviour change goal at each visit along with additional emails tailored to behaviour change goals, paper family routine trackers to record health behaviours and mailed support, which included strategies to support behaviour change, for example, indoor games to increase child PA. Control: monthly emails containing publicly available handouts on general child health Duration: 16 weeks	Two and four 1‐hour home visits delivered by health educators, all of whom were graduate students and registered dietitians every 4‐8 weeks.	Significantly lower fat mass percentage at 6 months for the two home visits intervention group. SD change = −4.96 (2.58), b = −3.54 (−6.11, −0.97), p = 0.01	Significant increase in fruit intake in the 4 HV and 2 HV intervention groups at 6 months (both p < 0.05).
Sherwood et al. (2015)	To evaluate the feasibility, acceptability and efficacy of a primary care‐based obesity prevention intervention, integrating paediatric care provider counselling and phone coaching to prevent unhealthy weight gain among preschool age children at risk of obesity or currently overweight.	Diet and PA Intervention: Parents received a one‐time counselling session during their ‘well child’ visit to raise awareness of their child's obesity risk and were provided with a pamphlet with information about obesity, injury prevention and their child's BMI percentile. The phone coaching session focused on healthy eating and PA (Busy Bodies, Better Bites). Each child received a ‘busy bag’, which contained resources, such as activity and dinner table conversation cards, dance music CD and inflatable beach ball). Calls focused on: (1) reducing screen time, (2) decreasing sweetened beverage availability, (3) increasing PA and (4) increasing availability of lower fat, lower calorie meals and snacks. Control: Healthy Tots/Safe Spots safety/injury prevention Contact Control Arm Duration: 6 months	One paediatrician visit and bi‐weekly over‐the‐phone contact with experienced interventionalists with bachelor's or Master's degrees in health behaviour, nutrition or exercise science	No difference in BMI z‐score or percentiles at the 6‐month follow‐up. Significantly greater reduction in BMI z‐score at 6 months for overweight children randomised to the ‘Busy bodies/better bites' intervention (p = 0.02) when time by treatment effect was moderated by child weight status	Significantly more minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity per day for the intervention group at 6 months (p = 0.01).
Tomayko et al. (2016)	To test the efficacy of an obesity prevention toolkit, delivered using a community‐based participatory research approach either by home mentors or by monthly mailings to impact child and adult weight status, nutrition and PA behaviours and self‐efficacy for behaviour change at home	Diet and PA Intervention: Twelve sessions on a family‐based healthy lifestyle, which addressed one of the four target areas: eat more fruit and vegetables, consume less soda and added sugar, become more active and watch less TV. Control: mailed delivery toolkit Duration: 12 months	Twelve 60‐min home visits delivered bi‐monthly by community‐based trained home mentors who were tribal members with long‐standing employment in the community	No significant effect of toolkit delivery. Combined study arms showed significantly lower BMI: 17.4–17.9 kg/m2, SD = 2.2–3.0, p ≤ 0.01, BMI: z‐score: 1.1–1.2, SD = 1.1–1.0, p = 0.035 and BMI percentile: 76.8–80.1, SD = 22.0–19.6, p = 0.020 at 1 year postintervention	Significant increase in fruit and vegetable servings (p = 0.006) at 1 year in the combined study arms.
Wall et al. (2019)	To evaluate the effect of consuming growing up milk lite (GUMli) compared with standard cow's milk as part of a whole diet for 12 months, on body composition at 23 months of age	Diet only Intervention: Parents were instructed to provide 300 ml of growing up milk lite (GUMli) infant milk or the equivalent quantity of whole cow's milk (both in powder form and equal to 6 scoops) to their infants daily Control : cow's milk Duration: 12 months.	NA	Significantly lower body fat percentage at 12 months for the intervention group: −2.19% (95% CI: −4.24, 0–0.15, p = 0.036).	Lower protein intake in the intervention group (p = 0.02) at 12 months

Abbreviations: FM, fat mass; NA, not applicable; PA, physical activity; SSB, sugar‐sweetened beverages.