Table 2.
Example studies.
| References | Study design | Study site | Number of participants | Assessment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bernard et al. (14) | Prospective observational study | Loma Linda University School of Medicine | 8 | Post-instructional survey |
| Hammoudi et al. (15) | Prospective observational study | Faculty of Medicine Pierre et Marie Curie | 348 | Survey and open feedback |
| Hoyer et al. (16) | Single-center cross-sectional study | University of Arizona | 55 | Self-assessment by questionaire |
| Ivanusic et al. (17) | Prospective observational study | University of Melbourne | 119 | Survey and open feedback |
| Brown et al. (18) | Prospective observational study | University of Arizona | 100 | Survey and identification of US images |
| Keddis et al. (19) | Prospective observational study | Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota | 76 | Pre- and post-survey |
| Rempell et al. (20) | Prospective observational study | Havard Medical School, Boston | 176 | Post-assessment survey |
| Swamy and Searle (21) | Prospective observational study | Durham University | 215 | Questionnaire |
| Teichgraber et al. (22) | Prospective observational study | Hannover Medical School | 113 | Questionnaire |
| Moscova et al. (23) | Prospective observational study | University of Sydney | 901 | Survey and open feedback |
| Dinh et al. (24) | Prospective observational study | Loma Linda University | 163 | Questionnaire, OSCE |
| Duanmu et al. (25) | Cross-sectional cohort study | Stanford University School of Medicine | 29 | OSCE |
| Hofer et al. (7) | Prospective observational study | H.-Heine University Düsseldorf | 626 | OSCE |
| Sisley et al. (5) | Prospective observational study | University of Arizona | 82 | OSCE |
| Knobe et al. (26) | Randomized controlled trial | RWTH Aachen University | 151 | OSCE, MCQ |
| Lozano-Lozano et al. (27) | Randomized controlled multicenter study | University of Granada | 110 | OSCE, MCQ, survey |
| Hofer et al. (28) | Longitudinal two cohort study | H.-Heine University Düsseldorf | 2,485 | OSCE |
| Gogalniceanu et al. (29) | Prospective observational study | Imperial College London | 25 | OSCE |
| Knobe et al. (30) | Randomized cross-over controlled trial | RWTH Aachen University | 242 | OSCE, MCQ |
| Bornemann (31) | Prospective observational study | University of South Carolina School of Medicine | 17 | OSCE, MCQ |
| Henwood et al. (32) | Prospective cohort study | Kigali, Rwanda | 29 | OSCE, image based assessment |
| Chuan et al. (33) | Prospective cohort study | Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthestists | 49 | DOPS |
| Nilsson et al. (34) | Randomized controlled trial | University of Copenhagen | 38 | OSAUS |
| Royer et al. (35) | Prospective observational study | University of Colorado | 32 | Knowledge quiz, pre- and post-survey |
| Heinzow et al. (36) | Prospective observational study | University Hospital Münster | 240 | DOPS, pre- and post-survey |
| Hempel et al. (37) | Prospective observational study | Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt | 91 | Questionaire to assess theoretical knowledge |
| Fox et al. (38) | Prospective controlled trial | University of California, Irvine School of Medicine | 45 | Image based test |
| Noble et al. (39) | Prospective cohort study | Massachusetts General Hospital | 30 | Image based test |
| Syperda et al. (40) | Prospective observational study | Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine-Bradenton | 5 | Case based test |
| Madsen et al. (41) | Prospective observational study | University of Copenhagen | 28 | Assessment using virtual-reality ultrasound simulators |
| Yoo et al. (42) | Randomized controlled trial | University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center | 28 | Assessment using simulators and MCQ |
| Kobal et al. (43) | Prospective interventional study | University of California, Los Angeles | 7 | Comparison of findings between students and specialists |
| Mouratev et al. (44) | Prospective interventional study | University of South Carolina School of Medicine | 14 | Comparison of findings between students and specialists |
| Angtuaco et al. (45) | Prospective interventional study | University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences | 24 | Comparison of findings between students and specialists |
| Arger et al. (46) | Prospective observational study | University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine | 33 | Image rating |
| Mullen et al. (47) | Prospective observational study | California Northstate University College of Medicine | 28 | Real-time image rating |
| Tshibwabwa and Groves (48) | Prospective observational study | McMaster University Medical Center | 490 | Real-time image rating |
| Wittich et al. (49) | Prospective observational study | Mayo Medical School | 42 | Image rating |
| Fernández-Frackelton et al. (50) | Prospective observational study | Harbor-UCLA Medical Center | 31 | Image rating, pre- and post-theoretical test |
| Shapiroa et al. (51) | Prospective observational study | Mount Sinai School of Medicine | 5 | Image rating |
Data originated from full-text articles is presented in a table to illustrate the various assessment formats in ultrasound education and to give selected examples for the outlined evaluation methods.