Table 2.

A comparison of heterogeneous catalyst performance for biodiesel production various feed stocks.

Catalyst synthesis conditions			Transesterification reaction conditions					Yield (%)	Reference
Catalyst source	Calcination		Oil source	Molar ratio	Catalyst loading (wt%)	Reaction
	Temperature (°C)	Time (h)				Temperature (°C)	Time (h)
aMWATB	1150	3	Castor	9:1	5	60	3	89.5	Present study
Animal bone	800	–	Palm	6:1	20	65	4	96.78	Obadiah et al., 2012 [16]
Bovine bone	750	6	Soybean	6:1	8	65	3	97	Smith et al., 2013 [18]
Animal bone	900	–	Jatropha	9:1	6	70	3	90.1	Nisar et al., 2017 [19]
Ostrich bones	900	4	cWCO	15:1	5	60	4	90.56	Khan et al., 2020 [20]
Cow bone	800	4	Soybean	10:1	18	60	3	92.2	Ayoola et al., 2018
bMFAAB	900	2	Mustard	5.5:1	10	65	6	90.4	Volli et al., 2019 [28]
Fish bone	∼1000	2	Soybean	6.27:1	1.01	60	5	97.73	Chakraborty et al., 2011 [22]
Chicken bone	900	4	cWCO	15:1	5	65	4	89.93	Farooq et al., 2015 [23]

^aMWATB: Mixture of waste animal teeth and bone.

^bMFAAB: Mixture of fly ash and animal bone.

^cWCO; Waste cooking oil.