Table 1.
Demographics and perioperative variables of patients with or without drain before propensity score matching
| Variable | Total | Drain | No drain | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of patients | 216 | 126 | 90 | |
| Age (yr) | 65.8 ± 15.9 | 68.4 ± 15.1 | 62.2 ± 16.3 | 0.005 |
| Female sex | 75 (34.7) | 42 (33.3) | 33 (36.7) | 0.612 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.0 ± 4.1 | 24.6 ± 3.9 | 25.7 ± 4.2 | 0.057 |
| ASA-PS classification, ≥III | 68 (31.5) | 47 (37.3) | 21 (23.3) | 0.029 |
| CACI, ≥6 | 16 (7.4) | 11 (8.7) | 5 (5.6) | 0.380 |
| Prior abdominal surgery (+) | 51 (23.6) | 33 (26.2) | 18 (20.0) | 0.291 |
| Severity according to the TG 18 | 0.193 | |||
| Mild (grade I) | 113 (52.3) | 60 (47.6) | 53 (58.9) | |
| Moderate (grade II) | 88 (40.7) | 55 (43.7) | 33 (36.7) | |
| Severe (grade III) | 15 (7.0) | 11 (8.7) | 4 (4.4) | |
| Preoperative laboratory findings | ||||
| WBC (×103/mm3) | 13.1 ± 5.6 | 13.3 ± 6.0 | 12.7 ± 5.0 | 0.387 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.2 ± 1.9 | 12.9 ± 1.8 | 13.5 ± 2.0 | 0.016 |
| Platelet (×103/mm3) | 219.7 ± 84.3 | 216.7 ± 85.9 | 223.9 ± 82.3 | 0.531 |
| PT, INR | 1.14 ± 0.20 | 1.16 ± 0.24 | 1.13 ± 0.14 | 0.262 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.01 ± 0.68 | 1.11 ± 0.84 | 0.87 ± 0.31 | 0.012 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.48 ± 0.61 | 3.38 ± 0.60 | 3.63 ± 0.58 | 0.002 |
| AST (IU/L) | 103.7 ± 221.6 | 113.7 ± 251.7 | 89.8 ± 171.2 | 0.406 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 88.1 ± 158.2 | 85.7 ± 162.6 | 91.6 ± 152.6 | 0.786 |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 2.10 ± 2.21 | 2.02 ± 1.77 | 2.20 ± 2.72 | 0.552 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | 12.3 ± 0.6 | 13.0 ± 11.3 | 11.2 ± 11.5 | 0.262 |
| Preoperative EST | 39 (18.1) | 23 (18.3) | 16 (17.8) | 0.929 |
| Preoperative PTGBD | 147 (68.1) | 94 (74.6) | 53 (58.9) | 0.015 |
| Positive for bile culture | 106/155 (68.4) | 64/97 (66.0) | 42/58 (72.4) | 0.404 |
| Positive for blood culture | 24/192 (12.5) | 18/113 (15.9) | 6/79 (7.6) | 0.086 |
| Operation time (min) | 111.1 ± 35.4 | 118.4 ± 38.5 | 100.9 ± 27.8 | <0.001 |
| Estimated blood loss (mL) | 103.4 ± 160.4 | 112.8 ± 182.7 | 90.1 ± 122.1 | 0.276 |
| Adjacent organ injury detected during surgery | 18 (8.3) | 16 (12.7) | 2 (2.2) | 0.006 |
| Bile duct | 7 (3.2) | 6 (4.8) | 1 (1.1) | |
| Duodenum | 2 (0.9) | 2 (1.6) | 0 (0) | |
| Colon | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0) | |
| Hepatic artery | 5 (2.3) | 5 (4.0) | 0 (0) | |
| Small intestine | 3 (1.4) | 2 (1.6) | 1 (1.1) | |
| Open conversion | 16 (7.4) | 13 (10.3) | 3 (3.3) | 0.053 |
| Subtotal cholecystectomy | 8 (3.7) | 5 (4.0) | 3 (3.3) | 0.808 |
| Pathology | 0.249 | |||
| Chronic cholecystitis | 88 (40.7) | 50 (39.7) | 38 (42.2) | |
| Acute cholecystitis | 82 (38.0) | 46 (36.5) | 36 (40.0) | |
| Gangrenous or emphysematous cholecystitis | 40 (18.5) | 26 (20.6) | 14 (15.6) | |
| Others | 6 (2.8) | 4 (3.2) | 2 (2.2) |
Values are presented as number only, mean ± standard deviation, or number (%).
ASA-PS, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status; CACI, Charlson age comorbidity index; TG 18, 2018 Tokyo Guidelines; WBC, white blood cell; PT, prothrombin time; INR, international normalized ratio; AST, aspartate transaminase; ALT, alanine transaminase; EST, endoscopic sphincterotomy; PTGBD, percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage.