Table 2.
Demographics and perioperative variables of patients with or without drain and with early removal or with late removal, after propensity score matching
| Variable | Drain placement | p value | Timing of drain removal | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|||||
| Yes (n = 61) | No (n = 61) | Early (n = 42) | Late (n = 19) | |||
| Age (yr) | 67.7 ± 15.7 | 67.6 ± 12.7 | 0.970 | 65.6 ± 16.8 | 72.5 ± 12.0 | 0.110 |
| Female sex | 20 (32.8) | 20 (32.8) | >0.999 | 14 (33.3) | 6 (31.6) | 0.892 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.0 ± 3.8 | 24.9 ± 3.5 | 0.894 | 25.3 ± 4.1 | 24.3 ± 3.2 | 0.328 |
| ASA-PS classification, ≥III | 17 (27.9) | 16 (26.2) | 0.839 | 9 (21.4) | 8 (42.1) | 0.095 |
| CACI, ≥6 | 5 (8.2) | 3 (4.9) | 0.464 | 4 (9.5) | 1 (5.3) | 0.574 |
| Prior abdominal surgery (+) | 15 (24.6) | 15 (24.6) | >0.999 | 9 (21.4) | 6 (31.6) | 0.394 |
| Severity according to the TG 18 | 0.254 | 0.265 | ||||
| Mild (grade I) | 30 (49.2) | 39 (63.9) | 23 (54.8) | 7 (36.8) | ||
| Moderate (grade II) | 26 (42.6) | 18 (29.5) | 15 (35.7) | 11 (57.9) | ||
| Severe (grade III) | 5 (8.2) | 4 (6.6) | 4 (9.5) | 1 (5.3) | ||
| Preoperative laboratory findings | ||||||
| WBC (×103/mm3) | 13.6 ± 6.6 | 12.5 ± 5.1 | 0.250 | 13.4 ± 5.6 | 14.1 ± 5.8 | 0.660 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.3 ± 1.7 | 13.6 ± 1.8 | 0.360 | 13.6 ± 1.5 | 12.7 ± 1.9 | 0.075 |
| Platelet (×103/mm3) | 222.8 ± 75.4 | 223.9 ± 86.7 | 0.942 | 226.2 ± 74.8 | 215.5 ± 78.2 | 0.619 |
| PT, INR | 1.11 ± 0.13 | 1.13 ± 0.14 | 0.398 | 1.09 ± 0.12 | 1.16 ± 0.13 | 0.075 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.05 ± 0.69 | 0.91 ± 0.33 | 0.176 | 0.92 ± 0.51 | 1.35 ± 0.95 | 0.085 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.46 ± 0.59 | 3.56 ± 0.56 | 0.313 | 3.58 ± 0.62 | 3.19 ± 0.41 | 0.015 |
| AST (IU/L) | 146.7 ± 343.6 | 101.3 ± 200.1 | 0.374 | 185.4 ± 405.2 | 61.2 ± 91.8 | 0.194 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 101.5 ± 198.7 | 104.4 ± 175.3 | 0.931 | 123.6 ± 229.3 | 52.6 ± 90.3 | 0.089 |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 1.98 ± 1.82 | 2.29 ± 2.98 | 0.483 | 1.91 ± 1.72 | 2.12 ± 2.06 | 0.696 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | 11.9 ± 11.6 | 11.8 ± 11.3 | 0.985 | 11.7 ± 12.1 | 12.2 ± 10.8 | 0.887 |
| Preoperative EST | 10 (16.4) | 10 (16.4) | >0.999 | 7 (16.7) | 3 (15.8) | 0.932 |
| Preoperative PTGBD | 41 (67.2) | 41 (67.2) | >0.999 | 28 (66.7) | 13 (68.4) | 0.892 |
| Positive for bile culture | 24/44 (54.5) | 33/44 (75.0) | 0.074 | 15/31 (48.4) | 9/13 (69.2) | 0.205 |
| Positive for blood culture | 5/53 (9.4) | 5/53 (9.4) | 1.000 | 4/38 (10.5) | 1/15 (6.7) | 0.665 |
| Operation time (min) | 119.5 ± 43.6 | 96.8 ± 26.5 | <0.001 | 111.8 ± 12.1 | 136.6 ± 67.3 | 0.134 |
| Estimated blood loss (mL) | 102.0 ± 195.1 | 98.5 ± 131.6 | 0.908 | 109.3 ± 230.0 | 85.8 ± 77.6 | 0.556 |
| Adjacent organ injury detected during surgery | 6 (9.8) | 2 (3.3) | 0.143 | 3 (7.1) | 3 (15.8) | 0.294 |
| Bile duct | 2 (3.3) | 1 (1.6) | 1 (2.4) | 1 (5.3) | ||
| Duodenum | 1 (1.6) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.4) | 0 (0) | ||
| Colon | 1 (1.6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (5.3) | ||
| Hepatic artery | 1 (1.6) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.4) | 0 (0) | ||
| Small intestine | 1 (1.6) | 1 (1.6) | 0 (0) | 1 (5.3) | ||
| Open conversion | 4 (6.6) | 3 (4.9) | 0.697 | 0 (0) | 4 (21.1) | 0.002 |
| Subtotal cholecystectomy | 2 (3.3) | 1 (1.6) | 0.559 | 1 (2.4) | 1 (5.3) | 0.558 |
| Pathology | 0.496 | 0.298 | ||||
| Chronic cholecystitis | 23 (37.7) | 28 (45.9) | 19 (45.2) | 4 (21.1) | ||
| Acute cholecystitis | 25 (41.0) | 25 (41.0) | 15 (35.7) | 10 (52.6) | ||
| Gangrenous or emphysematous cholecystitis | 11 (18.0) | 7 (11.5) | 6 (14.3) | 5 (26.3) | ||
| Others | 2 (3.2) | 1 (1.6) | 2 (4.8) | 0 (0) | ||
Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (%).
ASA-PS, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status; CACI, Charlson age comorbidity index; TG 18, 2018 Tokyo Guidelines; WBC, white blood cell; PT, prothrombin time; INR, international normalized ratio; AST, aspartate transaminase; ALT, alanine transaminase; EST, endoscopic sphincterotomy; PTGBD, percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage.