Table 2.
Participant characteristics.
| Study number | Treatment type (comparison treatment) | Sample size (N analysed) | Age M (SD) |
Female (%) | Psychotropic medication (%) | Caucasian (%) | Employed (%) | Single (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | MBT | 71 | 31.3 (7.6) | 80.3 | 77.50 | 76.10 | 28.20 | 42.30 |
| (SCM) | 63 | 30.9 (7.9) | 79.4 | 68.3 | 68.30 | 30.20 | 49.20 | |
| 2 | IPT-BPD + fluoxetine | 22 | 26.23 (6.4) | 70.37 | 100 | NR | 48.15 | 55.56 |
| 3 | DBT | 8 | 29.4 | 100 | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| 4 | STEPPS | 52 | 33 (9) | 94.2 | 100.00 | NR | NR | NR |
| 5 | CT | 29 | 29 | 88 | 52.00 | 72.00 | 53.00 | 87.00 |
| 6 | SFT – facilitators untrained in group SFT | 8 | 28.5 (8.7) | 100 | 72.20 | NR | 22.20 | NR |
| (SFT – facilitators trained by specialists in group SFT) | 10 | 28.5 (8.7) | 100 | 72.20 | NR | 22.20 | NR | |
| 7 | DBT-ER | 7 | 34.47 (11.83) | 100 | 73.70 | 63.20 | NR | 73.70 |
| (DBT-IE) | 6 | 34.47 (11.83) | 100 | 73.70 | 63.20 | NR | 73.70 | |
| (Psychoeducation control group) | 6 | 34.47 (11.83) | 100 | 73.70 | 63.20 | NR | 73.70 | |
| 8 | TFP | 43 | NR | 100 | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| (TAU) | 29 | NR | 100 | NR | NR | NR | NR | |
| 9 | DBT-M | 32 | 31.56 (7.25) | 84.4 | 48.33 | NR | NR | 62.50 |
| (DBT-IE) | 32 | 31.72 (6.82) | 87.5 | 30.20 | NR | NR | 50.00 | |
| 10 | SFT-G + TAU | 16 | 35.3 (9.3) | 100 | 100.00 | NR | 69.00 | NR |
| (TAU) | 12 | 35.9 (8.1) | 100 | 100.00 | NR | 50.00 | NR | |
| 11 | SFT | 44 | 31.7 (8.9) | 90.9 | 73.30 | NR | 20.50 | NR |
| (TFP) | 42 | 29.5 (6.5) | 95.2 | 71.40 | NR | 19.00 | NR | |
| 12 | ERGI + TAU | 12 | 33 (12.47) | 100 | NR | 100.00 | NR | 58.30 |
| 13 | DDP | 15 | 28.3 (7.1) | 87 | NR | 86.00 | 33.00 | 87.00 |
| (TAU) | 15 | 29 (8.6) | 73 | NR | 93.00 | 33.00 | 93.00 | |
| 14 | DDP | 27 | 28 (11.7) | 85 | NR | 89.00 | 41.00 | 78.00 |
| (DBT) | 25 | 36.6 (10.2) | 84 | NR | 84.00 | 36.00 | 52.00 | |
| (TAU) | 16 | 29.3 (11.5) | 69 | NR | 94.00 | 25.00 | 75.00 | |
| 15 | DBT | 15 | 20.2 (5.6) | 100 | 71.00 | NR | NR | 89.00 |
| 16 | MBT | 39 | 29.2 (6.1) | 96 | 70.00 | NR | 10.00 | 50.00 |
| (SGT) | 19 | 29 (6.4) | 95 | 68.00 | NR | 5.00 | 38.00 | |
| 17 | DBT | 10 | 35 | 100 | NR | 75.00 | NR | 45.00 |
| (TAU) | 10 | 35 | 100 | NR | 75.00 | NR | 45.00 | |
| 18 | DBT | 1423 | 32 (10.3) | 75.5 | NR | NR | 39.80 | 79.80 |
| 19 | UP | 8 | 40 | 100 | NR | 87.50 | NR | 62.50 |
| 20 | DBT – young people only | 19 | 20.5 (1.91) | 83.3 | 70.80 | NR | 66.70 | NR |
| (DBT – grouped with older adults) | 11 | 21.46 (2.15) | 69.2 | 84.60 | NR | 46.20 | NR | |
| 21 | Psychodynamic therapy | 30 | 29.4 (7.9) | NR | NR | NR | 26.66 | 83.33 |
| 22 | MACT | 7 | 31.1 (8.9) | 81.25 | 56.00 | 87.50 | 25.00 | 62.50 |
| 23 | SFT + crisis phone support | 30 | 31.8 (9.24) | 96.9 | 59.40 | NR | 25.00 | NR |
| (SFT without crisis phone support) | 31 | 32.13 (9.01) | 96.7 | 56.70 | NR | 26.70 | NR | |
| 24 | Long-term non-manualised psychotherapy | 23 | 28.9 (6.1) | 81 | 22.00 | NR | 44.00 | 47.00 |
| 25 | DBT | 34 | 29.52 (9.64) | 80 | NR | 68.00 | 54.00 | 72.00 |
| 26 | CAT | 27 | 34.3 (7.5) | 59.3 | 51.85 | NR | 55.56 | 33.33 |
| 27 | Psychodynamic therapy | 28 | 16.9 (1.1) | 78.6 | 64.30 | NR | NR | NR |
| 28 | Psychodynamic therapy | 30 | 29.4 (7.9) | 63.3 | NR | NR | 26.70 | NR |
| Mean (SD) | 56.65 (213.87) SUM = 2436 |
30.39 (4.57) | 88.67 (11.88) | 69.08 (19.10) | 79.12 (11.87) | 35.06 (15.91) | 63.65 (17.29) |
%: percentage of sample; CAT: cognitive analytic therapy; CT: cognitive therapy; DBT: dialectical behaviour therapy; DBT-ER: emotion regulation module from DBT; DBT-IE: interpersonal effectiveness module from DBT; DBT-M: mindfulness module from DBT; DDP: dynamic deconstructive psychotherapy; ERGI: Emotion Regulation Group Intervention; Fluoxetine: antidepressant; IPT-BPD: interpersonal therapy for borderline personality disorder; MACT: manual assisted cognitive therapy; MBT: mentalisation-based therapy; SCM: structured clinical management; SGT: supportive group therapy; SFT: schema-focused therapy; SFT-G: Schema Focused Therapy Group; STEPPS: systems training for emotional predictability and problem solving; TAU: treatment as usual; TFP: transference-focused psychotherapy; UP: the unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders.
Notes regarding data reporting: In the Morey et al. (2010) study, there were two groups; however, the authors reported the demographic data grouped by the entire sample. Therefore, this review will also report their results as one group. The Bellino et al. (2010) study comprised two treatment groups. One was ITP-BPD + fluoxetine (psychological therapy plus antidepressant pharmacotherapy) and the other was fluoxetine (antidepressant pharmacotherapy) only. The data from the group treated with both the psychotherapy and the antidepressant is reported, while the data from the fluoxetine only group was omitted, since this review is concerned only with the effectiveness of psychotherapies. The Gratz and Gunderson (2006) study comprised two groups. One was treated with an Emotion Regulation Group Intervention (ERGI) plus Treatment as Usual (TAU), the other was treated with TAU only. However, the main outcome (percent of sample not responded) was only reported for the treatment group (ERGI + TAU). Therefore, the data from the TAU only group was omitted. The Meares et al. (1999) reported on a control group; however, the data from this group was omitted because they were a waitlist group that did not receive any treatment.
Occasionally, studies reported demographic information for the entire participant group, instead of separately by treatment groups. Where this occurred, the overall sample values were reported for each group. Some studies used intention-to-treat (ITT) analyses. Where this occurred, the ITT sample size was reported as opposed to the sample size of completers only.