Table 5.
Factors associated with uptake of any type of HIV testing during the follow-up period (among participants who completed both surveys, n = 297).
| OR (95%CI) | P -values | AOR (95%CI) | P -values | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predisposing factors | ||||
| Condomless anal intercourse with regular male sex partners | ||||
| No such experience either at baseline or follow-up/With such experience at baseline only | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| With such experience both at baseline and follow-up | 1.36 (0.62, 2.99) | 0.44 | 1.43 (0.63, 3.24) | 0.38 |
| With such experience at follow-up only | 1.77 (0.81, 3.84) | 0.15 | 1.73 (0.71, 4.27) | 0.22 |
| Condomless anal intercourse with non-regular male sex partners | ||||
| No such experience either at baseline or follow-up/With such experience at baseline only | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| With such experience both at baseline and follow-up | 3.05 (0.62, 14.90) | 0.17 | 2.72 (0.56, 13.09) | 0.21 |
| With such experience at follow-up only | 3.96 (1.18, 13.38) | 0.03 | 5.29 (1.27, 22.01) | 0.02 |
| Condomless anal intercourse with male sex workers | ||||
| No such experience either at baseline or follow-up/With such experience at baseline only | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| With such experience both at baseline and follow-up | 0.29 (0.02, 4.68) | 0.38 | 0.16 (0.01, 2.89) | 0.22 |
| With such experience at follow-up only | 2.32 (0.52, 10.28) | 0.27 | 2.15 (0.45, 10.35) | 0.34 |
| Sexualized drug use | ||||
| No such experience either at baseline or follow-up/With such experience at baseline only | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| With such experience both at baseline and follow-up | 2.13 (0.64, 7.05) | 0.22 | 1.83 (0.55, 6.08) | 0.32 |
| With such experience at follow-up only | 2.02 (0.85, 4.80) | 0.11 | 2.10 (0.77, 5.74) | 0.15 |
| COVID-19 preventive measures during sexual behaviors (February to July 2020) | ||||
| Only having sex with my partner who has had sex with me before | 0.92 (0.78, 1.08) | 0.30 | 0.96 (0.80, 1.14) | 0.63 |
| Avoiding group sex | 0.87 (0.76. 1.01) | 0.06 | 0.92 (0.79, 1.06) | 0.25 |
| Only having sex at home | 0.91 (0.77, 1.08) | 0.28 | 0.94 (0.78, 1.14) | 0.53 |
| Asking your partner if they have COVID-19 symptoms | 1.05 (0.89, 1.24) | 0.59 | 1.10 (0.92, 1.31) | 0.31 |
| Avoiding kissing during sex | 1.14 (0.95, 1.35) | 0.16 | 1.12 (0.93, 1.35) | 0.22 |
| Washing hands before and after sex | 1.08 (0.92, 1.26) | 0.33 | 1.08 (0.91, 1.28) | 0.41 |
| Sanitizing before and after sex | 1.18 (1.02, 1.38) | 0.03 | 1.26 (1.02, 1.47) | 0.01 |
| Psychosocial variables related to COVID-19 and HIV testing | ||||
| Worry about being infected with COVID-19 when undertaking HIV testing | 1.08 (0.90, 1.30) | 0.42 | 1.05 (0.87, 1.28) | 0.61 |
| Perceived effectiveness of COVID-19 control measures taken by organizations providing HIV testing | 1.13 (0.91, 1.41) | 0.28 | 1.10 (0.86, 1.39) | 0.44 |
| Level of panic of COVID-19 infections | 0.99 (0.78, 1.27) | 0.95 | 0.95 (0.72, 1.25) | 0.71 |
| Enabling factors | ||||
| HIV testing in the past 6months (February to July 2020) | ||||
| No | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Yes | 3.17 (1.93, 5.20) | <0.001 | 3.90 (2.27, 6.69) | <0.001 |
| Testing for STI in the past 6 months (February to July 2020) | ||||
| No | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Yes | 2.13 (1.11, 4.11) | 0.02 | 2.43 (1.20, 4.93) | 0.01 |
| Utilization of other HIV/STI prevention services in the past 6 months (February to July 2020) | ||||
| No | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Yes | 1.66 (0.98, 2.82) | 0.06 | 1.68 (0.95, 2.96) | 0.07 |
| Use of pre-exposure prophylaxis in the past 6 months (February to July 2020) | ||||
| No | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Yes | 1.80 (0.50, 6.54) | 0.37 | 2.03 (0.51, 8.08) | 0.31 |
| Barriers to take up HIV testing caused by COVID-19 and its control measures during the follow-up period | ||||
| HIV testing service providers suspended their services | 2.88 (0.95, 8.73) | 0.06 | 2.79 (0.81, 9.60) | 0.10 |
| HIV testing service providers reduced their service hours | 1.95 (1.12, 7.77) | 0.03 | 3.45 (1.26, 9.41) | 0.02 |
| Difficult to obtain HIV self-testing kits | 1.64 (0.55, 4.86) | 0.37 | 1.63 (0.55, 4.85) | 0.37 |
| History of home/centralized quarantine | 1.59 (0.37, 6.90) | 0.50 | 1.60 (0.33, 7.68) | 0.52 |
| You avoided unnecessary travel and tried to stay at home | 0.82 (0.49, 1.39) | 0.47 | 0.85 (0.47, 1.51) | 0.57 |
| You avoided going to crowdeded places | 1.33 (0.81, 2.18) | 0.26 | 1.36 (0.78, 2.37) | 0.28 |
| Reinforcing factors | ||||
| Your male sex partners or friends suggested you not to take up HIV testing | 0.92 (0.22, 3.84) | 0.91 | 1.19 (0.39, 3.68) | 0.75 |
Multiple imputation was performed to replace missing values at Month 6. Markov chain Monte Carlo methods were used for data with an arbitrary pattern of missing values, while Monotone methods were used for data having a monotone pattern of missing values. Predictors included baseline background characteristics and baseline value of the variable with missing values at Month 6.vOR, crude odds ratios obtained from two-level logistic regression models (level 1: sources of recruitment, level 2: individual participants); AOR, adjusted odds ratios, odds ratios obtained from two-level logistic regression models (level 1: sources of recruitment, level 2: individual participants) after adjusting for age group, education level, current employment status, and monthly income level; CI, confidence interval. The bold values indicate the values of p < 0.05 which are statistically significant.