Table 2.
Comorbidities by chronic opioid outcome, n (%)
| Condition⁎ | Chronic opioid use† | Nonchronic use | Total | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Congestive heart failure | 87 (4.7%) | 89 (3.0%) | 176 (3.7%) | .0035 |
| Valvular disease | 103 (5.5%) | 82 (2.8%) | 185 (3.9%) | < .0001 |
| Pulmonary circulation disease | 29 (1.6%) | 32 (1.1%) | 61 (1.3%) | .1858 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 71 (3.8%) | 60 (2.0%) | 131 (2.7%) | .0004 |
| Hypertension without complications | 705 (37.9%) | 832 (28.4%) | 1537 (32.1%) | < .0001 |
| Hypertension with complications | 127 (6.8%) | 137 (4.7%) | 264 (5.5%) | .0018 |
| Paralysis | 23 (1.2%) | 31 (1.1%) | 54 (1.1%) | .5765 |
| Other neurological disorders | 196 (10.5%) | 201 (6.9%) | 397 (8.3%) | < .0001 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 518 (27.9%) | 583 (19.9%) | 1101 (23.0%) | < .0001 |
| Diabetes w/o chronic complications | 265 (14.3%) | 287 (9.8%) | 552 (11.5%) | < .0001 |
| Diabetes w/ chronic complications | 150 (8.1%) | 140 (4.8%) | 290 (6.1%) | < .0001 |
| Hypothyroidism | 171 (9.2%) | 168 (5.7%) | 339 (7.1%) | < .0001 |
| Renal failure | 56 (3.0%) | 61 (2.1%) | 117 (2.4%) | .044 |
| Liver disease | 265 (14.3%) | 298 (10.2%) | 563 (11.8%) | < .0001 |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 25 (1.3%) | 28 (1.0%) | 53 (1.1%) | .2565 |
| Acquired immune deficiency syndrome | 12 (0.6%) | 9 (0.3%) | 21 (0.4%) | .1143 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 107 (5.8%) | 64 (2.2%) | 171 (3.6%) | < .0001 |
| Coagulopathy | 47 (2.5%) | 52 (1.8%) | 99 (2.1%) | .077 |
| Obesity | 617 (33.2%) | 920 (31.4%) | 1537 (32.1%) | .193 |
| Weight loss | 96 (5.2%) | 113 (3.9%) | 209 (4.4%) | .0351 |
| Fluid and electrolyte disorders | 327 (17.6%) | 403 (13.8%) | 730 (15.2%) | .0004 |
| Chronic blood loss anemia | 102 (5.5%) | 300 (10.2%) | 402 (8.4%) | < .0001 |
| Deficiency anemias | 313 (16.8%) | 478 (16.3%) | 791 (16.5%) | .632 |
| Alcohol abuse | 78 (4.2%) | 70 (2.4%) | 148 (3.1%) | .0006 |
| Substance use disorder | 232 (12.5%) | 197 (6.7%) | 429 (9.0%) | < .0001 |
| Psychoses | 325 (17.5%) | 350 (11.9%) | 675 (14.1%) | < .0001 |
| Depression | 16 (0.9%) | 11 (0.4%) | 27 (0.6%) | .0454 |
| Sleep apnea | 203 (10.9%) | 160 (5.5%) | 363 (7.6%) | < .0001 |
| Mean number of comorbidities | 3.2 (2.8) | 2.3 (2.3) | 2.7 (2.5) | < 0.0001 |
⁎
Elixhauser comorbidities as defined by Quan et al.16 Sleep apnea as defined by Oliva et al.22
†
Use of opioids ≥ 90 days after discharge from procedure is the measure of "chronic use."