Table 3.

Odds of chronic use^⁎ following cholecystectomy predicted by logistic model

Variable	Level	Opioid exposure model
		Odds ratio (95% CI)
		Opioid days exposure	MME exposure
Opioid naive†	No versus yes	1.75 (1.52–2.01)	1.73 (1.5–1.98)
Opioid days in 30 d following discharge	1–5 vs 0 days	0.60 (0.47–0.77)
	6–10 vs 0 days	0.70 (0.53–0.93)
	10 + vs 0 days	2.42 (1.73–3.4)
Mean daily MME in 30 d following discharge	0 < MME < 20 vs 0 MME		0.56 (0.44–0.72)
	20 ≤ MME < 50 vs 0 MME		1.88 (1.31–2.71)
	MME ≥ 50 vs 0 MME		7.76 (3.71–16.3)
Number of opioid prescriptions during exposure period	Per additional prescription	1.44 (1.24–1.68)	1.71 (1.48–1.98)
Age category	35–54 vs 18–30	1.21 (1.03–1.42)	1.2 (1.02–1.41)
	55–64 vs 18–30	1.33 (0.99–1.79)	1.36 (1.01–1.82)
	65 + vs 18–30	1.30 (0.82–2.07)	1.25 (0.79–1.98)
Race/ethnicity	Minority race/ethnicity versus white	0.90 (0.78–1.03)	0.93 (0.81–1.07)
Sex	Female versus male	0.91 (0.72–1.14)	0.95 (0.75–1.19)
Other medications during exposure period	NSAIDS, APAP	1.61 (1.26–2.06)	1.56 (1.22–2)
	Antipsychotics	1.05 (0.66–1.65)	1.16 (0.73–1.82)
	Antidepressants	1.10 (0.88–1.39)	1.1 0(0.88–1.39)
	Gabapentin	1.77 (1.18–2.66)	1.97 (1.31–2.95)
	Pregabalin	3.05 (0.86–10.8)	3.03 (0.84–10.9)
	Benzodiazepines	1.93 (1.47–2.55)	1.8 (1.37–2.38)
	Selected sedatives/hypnotics	0.80 (0.53–1.22)	0.76 (0.50–1.16)
	Muscle relaxants	1.55 (1.07–2.26)	1.61 (1.11–2.34)
	Duloxetine	1.19 (0.63–2.23)	1.13 (0.59–2.14)
Rehospitalization	During exposure period	0.66 (0.45–0.97)	0.68 (0.46–1.01)
	31–270 d after discharge	3.84 (3.03–4.85)	3.69 (2.92–4.66)
Comorbid conditions‡	Depression	1.20 (1.01–1.43)	1.21 (1.02–1.43)
	Sleep apnea	1.38 (1.06–1.80)	1.33 (1.01–1.74)

^⁎Use of opioids ≥ 90 days after discharge from procedure indicates "chronic use."

^†Opioid-naive for analyses defined as 0 opioid day.

^‡Only statistically significant comorbid conditions reported.