TABLE 2.
Percentage of participants experiencing outcome based on risk of bias and pandemic timing.
| Hospitalization (52 studies; 770,514 participants) | Intensive care unit admission (66 studies; 239,124 participants) | Severe outcome (26 studies; 26,439 participants) | Death (91 studies; 2,501,305 participants) | |
| Subgroups by risk of bias | ||||
| Population-based studies (48 studies; 3,261,421 participants) | ||||
| Low risk of bias (14 studies; 36,648 participants) | 4.0% (2.1–6.3%) I2 = 89% | 0.1% (0.00–0.5%) I2 = 56% | N/A (Insufficient studies) | 0.00004% (0.00–0.01%) I2 = 0% |
| High risk of bias (34 studies; 3,224,733 participants) | 3.0% (2.3–3.9%) I2 = 99% | 0.5% (0.3–0.8%) I2 = 96% | 0.1% (0.00–2.6%) I2 = 0% | 0.03% (0.01–0.07%) I2 = 98% |
| Hospital-based screening studies (39 studies; 39,685 participants) | ||||
| Low risk of bias (18 studies; 10,927 participants) | 22.6% (15.1–31.0%) I2 = 98% | 2.5% (1.0–4.6%) I2 = 93% | 1.0% (0.0–3.2%) I2 = 81% | 0.3% (0.00–1.1%) I2 = 74% |
| High risk of bias (21 studies; 28,758 participants) | 24.9% (17.8–32.7%) I2 = 99% | 3.2% (2.2–4.3%) I2 = 89% | 1.6% (0.6–2.8%) I2 = 84% | 0.1% (0.01–0.3%) I2 = 0% |
| Hospital inpatients studies (31 studies; 23,745 participants) | ||||
| Low risk of bias (14 studies; 3,965 participants) | N/A | 5.9% (1.8–11.9%) I2 = 96% | 0.7% (0.00–3.77%) I2 = 78% | 0.5% (0.003–1.4) I2 = 86% |
| High risk of bias (17 studies; 19,780 participants) | N/A | 14.2% (8.8–20.7%) I2 = 99% | 7.54% (0.02–24.5%) I2 = 98% | 1.7% (0.4–3.7) I2 = 98% |
| Subgroups by pandemic timing | ||||
| Population-based studies (48 studies; 3,261,421 participants) | ||||
| Early pandemic (before May 31st, 2020) (18 studies; 38,701 participants) | 3.4% (1.8–5.2%) I2 = 76% | 0.04% (0.0–0.26%) I2 = 3% | 0.1% (0.00–3.0%) I2 = 0% | 0.05% (0.0–0.3%) I2 = 92% |
| Mid-pandemic (after May 31st, 2020) (30 studies; 3,222,720 participants) | 3.3% (2.6–4.1%) I2 = 99% | 0.5% (0.3–0.7%) I2 = 95% | N/A (Insufficient studies) | 0.02% (0.001–0.05%) I2 = 98% |
| Hospital-based screening studies (39 studies; 39,685 participants) | ||||
| Early pandemic (before May 31st, 2020) (13 studies; 5,235 participants) | 36.3% (27.8–45.4) I2 = 97% | 2.3% (1.1–4.1%) I2 = 88% | 1.3% (0.09–3.7%) I2 = 79% | 0.006% (0.0–0.3%) I2 = 0% |
| Mid-pandemic (after May 31st, 2020) (26 studies; 34,450 participants) | 18.9% (13.9–24.5%) I2 = 99% | 3.2% (2.1–4.5%) I2 = 92% | 1.2% (0.3–2.6%) I2 = 88% | 0.3% (0.04–0.7%) I2 = 67% |
| Hospital inpatients studies (31 studies; 23,745 participants) | ||||
| Early pandemic (before May 31st, 2020) (12 studies; 3,754 participants) | N/A | 5.6% (2.8–9.3%) I2 = 93% | 1.8% (0.0–6.3%) I2 = 87% | 0.6% (0.4–1.0) I2 = 0% |
| Mid-pandemic (after May 31st, 2020) (18 studies; 19,887 participants) | N/A | 14.6% (9.4–20.6%) I2 = 98% | 6.0% (0.0–22.4%) I2 = 98% | 1.3% (0.2–3.3) I2 = 98% |
Early pandemic represents recruitment ending prior to May 31, 2020; mid-pandemic included participants recruited after that date.