Table 1.
Classification of bacteriocins from Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
| Class | Group | Characteristics | Examples of bacteriocins (producer strain) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Class I (posttranslationally modified bacteriocins - RiPPs) | Lantibiotics | Contain lanthionine and 3-methyl-lanthionine residues Some contain two lantibiotic peptides |
Nisin (Lactococcus lactis) Epidermin (Staphylococcus epidermidis) Nukacin (Staphylococcal sp.) Mutacin I, II, III/1140, IIIb/B-Ny266 (Streptococcus mutans) Mutacin Smb, K8 (Streptococcus mutans) Lacticin 3147 (Lactococcus lactis) Haloduracin (Bacillus halodurans) |
| Sactibiotics | Contain sulfur to α-carbon linkage(s) | Subtilosin A (Bacillus subtilis) Thuricin CD (Bacillus thuringiensis) Ruminococcin C (Ruminococus gnavus) |
|
| Linaridins | Linear peptides Contain dehydroamino acids, allo-isoleucine, N-terminal N,N-dimethyl-alanine and C-terminal 2-aminovinyl-D-cysteine (Avi-Cys) |
Cypemycin (Streptomyces sp.) | |
| Thiopeptides | Macrocyclic peptides Contain a characteristic six-membered nitrogen-containing ring, oxazole/thiazol(in)e rings and/or dehydroamino acids |
Thiostrepton (Streptomyces azureus) | |
| Glycocins | Contain S-glucosylated cysteine(s) | Sublancin (Bacillus subtilis 168) | |
| Circular peptides | N-to-C cyclized unmodified single peptides | Enterocin AS-48 (Enterococcus faecalis) Garvicin (Lactococcus garvieae) Gassericin A (Lactobacillus gasseri) |
|
| Bottromycins | Macrocyclic peptides with a linear tail Contain an amidine moiety, methylated amino acids and a C-terminal decarboxylated thiazole |
Bottromycin A2 (Streptomyces bottropensis) | |
| Nucleotide peptides | Contain a nucleotide part | Microcin C (Escherichia coli) | |
| Siderophore peptides | Contain a non-ribosomal siderophore-type modification anchored at a serine-rich C-terminal region | Microcin E492 (Klebsiella pneumoniae) Microcins H47, M (Escherichia coli) |
|
| Linear azol(in)e- containing peptides (LAPs) | Linear peptides containing combinations of thiazole and oxazole heterocycles | Microcin B17 (Escherichia coli) Listeriolysin S (Listeria monocytogenes) |
|
| Lasso peptides | Contain only unmodified amino acids Characterized by an entangled [1]rotaxane topology (lasso fold) |
Microcin J25 (Escherichia coli) | |
| Cyanobactins | Macrocyclic peptides Contain azol(in)e heterocycles and D-stereocentres Some contain a prenylated amino acid |
Patellamide A (Prochloron spp.) Sphaerocyclamide (Sphaerospermopsis sp.) |
|
| Class II (unmodified bacteriocins) | Pediocin-like single peptides | Contain YGNGV-motif | Pediocin PA-1 (Pediococcus acidilactici) Enterocin CRL35 (Enterococcus mundtii) Carnobacteriocin BM1 (Carnobacterium piscicola) |
| Unmodified single peptides | Non-YGNGV-motif linear single peptides | Epidermicin NI01 (Staphylococcus epidermidis) Lactococcin A (Streptococcus cremoris) Microcin V (Escherichia coli) Microcin L (Escherichia coli) Microcin S (Escherichia coli) |
|
| Two-peptides | Two or more unmodified peptides | Mutacin IV, V, VI, N (Streptococcus mutans) Plantaricin F (Lactobacillus plantarum) Lactacin F (Lactobacillus johnsonii) |