TABLE 1.
Physical and chemical properties of biochar obtained from various plant residues and manure.
| Biochar materials | pH | Temperature: °C (pyrolysis) | CEC (mmol kg–1) | Carbon (%) | Carbon/ Nitrogen ratio |
Total phosphate (mg kg–1) | Elements (%) | Surface area (m2 g–1) | Volatiles (%) | Ash (%) | References | |||||
|
|
||||||||||||||||
| Ca | Fe | Mg | N | P | K | |||||||||||
| Rice husk | 8.9 | 300–400 | 37.3 | 23.4 | – | – | 0.21 | 0.26 | 0.18 | 0.73 | 0.48 | 0.54 | – | – | 44.35 | Susilawati et al., 2020 |
| Oak wood | 3.7−6.4 | 60−600 | 75.7−182 | 47.1−87.5 | 444−489 | 5−29 | 450−642 | 27.5−88.6 | 0.3−1.3 | Lehmann et al., 2011; Sun et al., 2018 | ||||||
| Palm bunches | 9.39 | 350−450 | 9.9 | 42.33 | − | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.67 | 0.99 | 0.49 | 8.65 | − | − | 27.09 | Susilawati et al., 2020 | |
| Pine needles | 6.4−10.6 | 300−700 | − | 84.2−93.7 | 22−26 | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | 4.1−391 | 6.2−38.6 | 7.2−18.7 | Sun et al., 2018 |
| Bamboo | 9.30 | 350−450 | 9.30 | 50 | − | − | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.13 | 1 | 0.45 | 3.18 | − | − | 11.26 | Sun et al., 2018; Susilawati et al., 2020 |
| Corn stover | 6.7−9.4 | 60−600 | 252−459 | 42.6−70.6 | 51−83 | 526−2,114 | − | − | − | − | − | − | 293−527 | 23.5−85.2 | 8.8−16.7 | Susilawati et al., 2020 |
| Coconut shell | 9.61 | 250−350 | 9.61 | 29.69 | − | − | 0.29 | 0.29 | 4.43 | 1.28 | 0.52 | 2.96 | − | − | 48.96 | Sun et al., 2018 |
| Chicken litters | 8.2−10.3 | 60−700 | 58.7−363 | 7.9−38 | 10−25 | 493−16,685 | − | − | − | − | − | − | 1−94 | 18.3−60.5 | 16.9−72.5 | Susilawati et al., 2020 |
| Sludge | 4.9−12 | 400−700 | − | 20−20.4 | 8.4−17 | 528−740 | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | 15.8−25.7 | 63.3−72.5 | Sun et al., 2018 |
| Palm cake | 8.30 | 350−500 | 8.30 | 23.73 | − | − | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.30 | 0.87 | 0.44 | 0.72 | − | − | 59.32 | Susilawati et al., 2020 |
| Branch legume | 9.4 | − | 7.05 | 18.11 | − | − | − | − | − | 0.58 | 0.1 | 1.11 | − | − | − | Sun et al., 2018 |