Table 1.
Definitions of normal joint motions
| Joint | Muscle action | Defined ROM, degrees | Maximum normal arc, degrees |
|---|---|---|---|
| Shoulder | Abduction | −50 to 180 | 230 |
| External rotation | −90 to 90 | 180 | |
| Flexion | −50 to 180 | 230 | |
| Elbow | Extension | −140 to 0 | 140 |
| Flexion | 0 to 140 | 140 | |
| Wrist | Extension | −60 to 60 | 120 |
| Flexion | −60 to 60 | 120 | |
| Thumb | MP flexion | −40 to 60 | 100 |
| IP flexion | −30 to 80 | 110 | |
| Finger | MP flexion | −20 to 90 | 110 |
| PIP flexion | −30 to 100 | 130 | |
| DIP flexion | −30 to 70 | 100 | |
| Hip | Flexion | −30 to 100 | 130 |
| Knee | Flexion | 0 to 150 | 150 |
| Ankle | Dorsiflexion | −40 to 20 | 60 |
| Plantarflexion | −20 to 40 | 60 |
DIP, distal interphalangeal; IP, interphalangeal; MP, metacarpalphalangeal; PIP, proximal interphalangeal.