TABLE 1.

Comparison of the characteristics of COVID-19-associated fungal infections.

Fungal infection	Cohort size	Identification/diagnosis	Risk factors and comorbidities	Co-infections	Antifungal treatment	Outcome	References
Candida auris	10	Culture	Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney and liver disease	Bacteremia in 4 patients: Enterobacter cloacae, Staphylococcus haemolyticus	NA	6 died	Chowdhary et al., 2020
	2	Culture positivity by Vitek 2	Mechanical ventilation, hemodialysis, CVC; chronic renal insufficiency, diabetes mellitus, hypertension	CVC culture: MDR Enterococcus faecalis; catheter-related BSI: carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii; and carbapenem-resistant Morganella morganii, Klebsiella pneumoniae	Empirical ANI or ANI	1 died	de Almeida et al., 2021
	12	Blood and urine culture	Mechanical ventilation, high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus type 2, obesity, coronary artery disease, acute kidney injury, hypothyroidism, valvular heart disease, asthma	In 10 patients: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, Candida glabrata, E. faecalis, Stenotrophomonas maltofilia, Cytomegalovirus	CAS, ANI, ISZ, VOR, AMB	8 died	Villanueva-Lozano et al., 2021
	4	Cultured from blood and identified by MALDI-TOF MS	Coronary artery disease, hypertension, asthma	Carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa	CAS, AMB	2 died	Magnasco et al., 2021
	4	Cultured from blood, urine, deep tracheal aspirate and identified by MALDI-TOF MS	Metastatic prostate cancer, cutaneous T cell lymphoma in remission, chronic lymphocytic leukemia	NA	CAS therapy of 3 patients	No patients died at the time of publication	Allaw et al., 2021
Aspergillosis	9	EORTC-MSG criteria and GM in BAL, serum; 8 case putative CAPA, 1 case probable CAPA	Myeloma, steroids	NA	VOR, CAS therapy of 2 patients	4 died	Alanio et al., 2020
	5	AspICU algorithm and GM in BAL or serum; putative CAPA	Arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, steroids	Human metapneumovirus	VOR, ISZ, CAS	3 died	Koehler et al., 2020
	5	Clinical signs and symptoms, an abnormal lung imaging, respiratory specimen culture positive for Aspergillus spp., GM in BAL or serum; putative CAPA	Diabetes mellitus, steroid and tocilizumab therapy	K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, MRSA, S. maltophilia, MDR Acinetobacter spp.	AMB, VOR	3 died (the cause of death was ARDS)	Nasir et al., 2020
	6	Culture and GM in BAL; 3 possible and 3 probable CAPA	Cardiomyopathy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, corticosteroid therapy, asthma	NA	VOR + ANI combination, AMB	4 died	van Arkel et al., 2020
	3	Culture, serum GM, serum BDG; 2 putative and 1 probable CAPA	Hypertension, diabetes mellitus type 2, pulmonary fibrosis, obesity, asthma, antibacterial therapy, tocilizumab therapy	Haemophilus influenzae	VOR	1 died	Lamoth et al., 2020
	7	AspICU algorithm, 4 proven CAPA cases	Obesity, hypercholesterolemia, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, acute myeloid leukemia, mechanical ventilation	NA	VOR, ISZ therapy in 6 patients	4 died	Rutsaert et al., 2020
	6	Clinical, radiological data, GM (from serum and sputum), tracheal or bronchial culture, GM test from BAL; probable CAPA; post-mortem histopathology-no fungi were observed	Chronic kidney injury, diabetes mellitus; hypertension, corticosteroid therapy	NA	VOR + ANI combination	6 died	Flikweert et al., 2020
Mucormycosis	11 (3 mucormycosis co-infecton + 8 post-COVID-19 mucormycosis)	Culture and histopathological examination	Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypothyroidism, renal transplant, chronic kidney disease	K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens	AMB; sinus surgery with debridement in 7 patients	6 died (2 died despite surgery)	Kamath et al., 2022
	4	Culture	Diabetes mellitus, obesity, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, steroid therapy, mechanical ventilation	Aspergillus fumigatus	AMB, POS, CAS, ISZ (2 patients received no antifungals), surgical debriment	3 died (1 no information)	Buil et al., 2021
	8 (1 case + literature review)	Culture and biopsy	Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, hypothyroidism, asthma, obesity, corticosteroid use	M. morganni, E. cloacae, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, Klebsiella variicola, CNS	AMB, POS, CAS, ISZ (2 patients received no antifungals)	8 died	Khatri et al., 2021
	17	Culture, biopsy, histology; 5 proven, 12 probable CAM	Diabetes mellitus, hematological malignancy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, corticosteroid use	Aspergillus spp.	AMB, ISZ (five patients received no antifungals)	15 died	Danion et al., 2022

AMB, amphotericin B; ANI, anidulafungin; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage; BDG, 1,3-β-D-glucan; CAM, COVID-19-associated mucormycosis; CAPA, COVID-19-associated aspergillosis; CAS, caspofungin; CNS, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus; CVC, central venous catheters; EORTC-MSG, European Organization for research and treatment of cancer mycoses study group; GM, galactomannan; ISZ, isavuconazole; MDR, multidrug resistant; MICA, micafungin; MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; NA, not available; POS, posaconazole; VOR, voriconazole.