Table 7.

Patient and clinician perspectives on digital health.

Technology	Patient perspectives	Clinician perspectives
Telephone interventions [96,97,107,108]	Willing to use Less acceptable than videoconferencing	More acceptable after first-hand experience Liked the focus on communication and self-management rather than manual therapy Less acceptable than videoconferencing Lack of visual cues and difficulty with examination Requires training
Telerehabilitation and real-time videoconferencing [65,98]	Acceptable, feasible, and satisfactory Improved access and relationship with the therapist Preferred over telephone Convenience, ease of use, and privacy More patient-focused than in-person visits No consensus about willingness to pay Requires technological assistance	High satisfaction with goal achievement, patient-therapist relationships, and quality and performance Liked that patients may be more active in managing their disease Preferred over telephone Discomfort with lack of physical contact Lack of experience can lead to low confidence and reduced interest
Websites [90,95,99-101]	Moderate to high satisfaction Cost and time savings Anonymity, accessibility, and flexibility Similarly preferred as in-person for scheduling visits Preferred over social media, group self-management programs, or telephone helplines Increased acceptance if endorsed by a health care professional Monitoring progress, access to information, feedback from health care professionals, and connecting with peers May depend on technological capabilities Real-life avatar preferred over animation Nonnative accents not preferred; desire for more context and culture specific	Professional autonomy and added value to practice Effective, acceptable, and feasible Apprehensive of extra time needed to incorporate digital health, especially during high workload Need for flexibility to tailor to an individual Need for training Financial concerns
Mobile app [102,103]	Prefer big buttons, tapping vs sliding, and vertical vs horizontal layout Progress feedback reports and educational tips High levels of acceptability, user satisfaction, and technical usability Useful for self-management and improved communication with physicians Do not prefer extra clicking, complicated user interface, and unnecessary information	Liked the weekly or monthly pain and activity reports Prioritized precision of presentation and interpretation of questions Useful for patient resources and accountability Skepticism because of the need for internet access at the clinic and technological aptitude
Smartwatch app [104]	Interest in direct phone call capability, weather apps, and health-tracking sensors such as accelerometer and heart rate sensor Concerns regarding usability, accessibility, notification customization, and intuitive user design	—a
Social media [109]	Limited prior experience among participants Less preferred compared with web-based and mailed information packs	—
Wearable biofeedback system [110]	—	Useful for movement feedback, monitoring, and adherence Challenges with monitoring, reliability, information accuracy, and individualization

^aNot available. No relevant studies were identified.