Table 3.

Parental Use of Neglectful and Harsh or Positive Discipline Behaviors.

	Overall(% Yes) [95% CI]	Wave Comparison			Age Comparison
		Wave 1 (% Yes)	Wave 2 (% Yes)	χ2 p-value	Age 0–4	Age 5–9	Age 10–15	Age 16–17	χ2 p Value
Any neglectful behavior	55.6 [53.5, 57.7]	56.4	54.8	0.460	53.0	58.9	54.5	59.7	0.138
Emotional	4.5 [3.6, 5.4]	4.5	4.4	0.887	3.7a	3.0a	4.6a	12.3b	< 0.001
Cognitive	3.6 [2.8, 4.5]	3.9	3.4	0.551	3.0a	2.6a	3.6a	10.3b	< 0.001
Supervisory	31.8 [29.8, 33.9]	31.3	32.3	0.622	39.1a	42.0a	20.9b	21.3b	< 0.001
Physical	33.9 [31.8, 35.9]	33.7	34.0	0.858	28.3a	37.7b	35.8b	34.4a, b	0.004
Family-based	12.6 [11.2, 14.0]	11.0	14.1	0.033	8.6a	14.1b	14.9b	11.7a, b	0.003
Any harsh discipline	59.0 [56.8, 61.1]	58.7	59.2	0.812	57.1a	67.0b	57.1a	47.4a	< 0.001
Psychological punishment	57.2 [55.1, 59.4]	57.1	57.3	0.935	54.2a	65.3b	56.1a	47.1a	< 0.001
Physical corporal punishment	26.9 [25.0, 28.8]	27.1	26.8	0.879	30.0a	30.3a	23.9a, b	17.5b	0.001
Any positive discipline	67.1 [65.1, 69.2]	65.6	68.6	0.136	64.2a	80.8b	64.6a	44.5c	< 0.001

Note. For age comparisons of individual parent behaviors, each subscript letter denotes a subset of age categories whose proportions do not differ significantly from each other at the .05 level.