. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jun 23.

Published in final edited form as: Child Maltreat. 2021 Mar 31;26(3):255–266. doi: 10.1177/10775595211006465

Table 5.

COVID-19 Related Stress Experiences and Parents’ Use of Harsh and Positive Discipline Practices (Overall and By Subtype).

	Any Harsh Discipline			Any Positive Discipline
	Model 1^a	Model 2^a	Model 3	Model 1^a	Model 2^a	Model 3
	OR [95% CI]	OR [95% CI]	OR [95% CI]	OR [95% CI]	OR [95% CI]	OR [95% CI]
Stressor Exposure
Personal	1.049 [0.997, 1.103]	–	1.012 [0.960, 1.065]	1.059* [1.004, 1.118]	–	1.018 [0.963, 1.076]
Other Member	1.099^*** [1.054, 1.146]	–	1.070^** [1.025, 1.117]	1.111^*** [1.062, 1.163]	–	1.080^** [1.031, 1.132]
Distress	–	1.760^*** [1.538, 2.015]	1.643^*** [1.425, 1.895]	–	1.826^*** [1.589, 2.099]	1.688^*** [1.458, 1.954]
	Any psychological punishment			Any physical corporal punishment
Stressor Exposure
Personal	1.053* [1.002, 1.107]	–	1.017 [0.966, 1.070]	1.055* [1.001, 1.113]	–	1.028 [0.973, 1.085]
Other Member	1.075^*** [1.032, 1.120]	–	1.048* [1.005, 1.093]	1.154^*** [1.106, 1.203]	–	1.130^*** [1.082, 1.179]
Distress	–	1.708^*** [1.494, 1.953]	1.617^*** [1.404, 1.862]	–	1.748^*** [1.491, 2.049]	1.519^*** [1.284, 1.796]

Note. ^apre-registered model; All models controlled for sample wave and for child age and gender, parent race/ethnicity, and household income.

p < .05.

^**

p < .01.

^***

p < .001.