Examples of exosome-based DDSs.

Exosome origin	Encapsulated agent	Loading methodology	Loading efficiency (LE)/loading amount (LA)	Application	Ref.
Raw 264.7	Catalase	(1) Incubation, (2) incubation with saponin, (3) freeze–thaw cycles, (4) sonication, (5) extrusion	LE: (1) 4.9 ± 0.5%, (2) 18.5 ± 1.3%, (3) 14.7 ± 1.1%, (4) 26.1 ± 1.2%, (5) 22.2 ± 3.1%	Parkinson's disease treatment	62
A549	Dye/PEG	Sonication under microfluidics	N/A	Cancer therapy and image	63
RAW 264.7	PTX	Sonication	LE: 19.55 ± 2.48%	Cancer therapy	64
HFL-1	Erastin	Sonication	LA: 3.2 mg erastin per mg protein	Cancer therapy	65
Macrophage	PTX	Sonication	LE: 33%	Cancer therapy	88
imDC	Curcumin	Sonication	LE: 70%	Parkinson's disease treatment	107
(1) HepG2, (2) HDFa, (3) RIN-m	Insulin	Electroporation	LE: (1) 50.75 ± 1.2%, (2) 57.42 ± 5.47%, (3) 49.70 ± 4.32%	Diabetes treatment	66
imDC	DOX	Electroporation	LE: 20%	Cancer therapy	67
MSC	DOX	Electroporation	LE: 35%	Cancer therapy	87
RAW 264.7	Dex	Electroporation	LE: 11.12 ± 1.82%	Rheumatoid arthritis	102
Dendritic cell	miR-140	Electroporation	LA: 0.03 μmol miR per μg exosome	Osteoarthritis	104
Dendritic cell	GAPDH siRNA	Electroporation	LE: 25%	Alzheimer's disease treatment	107
M2 macrophage	(1) BSP and (2) IL10pDNA	Electroporation and gene transfection	LE: (1) 29.03% and (2) 6.97%	Rheumatoid arthritis	103
Engineered HEK293T	(1) 5-FU and (2) miR-21i	Electroporation and incubation	LE: (1) 3.1% and (2) 0.5%	Cancer therapy	68
LIM1215 c	DOX	Incubation	LE: 9.06%	Cancer therapy	69
LNCaP l	PTX	Incubation	LE: 9.2 ± 4.5%	Cancer therapy	71
MSC	miR-155 inhibitor	Incubation with CaCl2	LE: 60%	Diabetic wound treatment	97
EL 4	Curcumin	Agitation	LA: 2.9 g cur per g exosome	Brain inflammatory diseases	70
THP-1	(1) DOX and (2) Cho-miR159	Agitation and shaking	(1) LA: 160 ng DOX per μg exosome	Cancer therapy	90
Autologous breast cancer cell	siS100A4/CBSA NP	Extrusion	LE: 86.70 ± 1.22%	Cancer therapy	91
HEK293T	Melatonin	Extrusion	LA: 97.1 ng mel per μg exosome	Atopic dermatitis	99
HEK293T	DOX	Surface modification with BPA	LE: 35%	Cancer therapy	76
Macrophage	(1) anti-PD-L1 and (2) AB680	(1) Surface modification by PEGylation and (2) extrusion	LE: (1) 5.47 ± 0.36%. (2) 61.0 ± 3.1%	Cancer therapy	78
Serum	DOX	Surface modification with strep/biotin	N/A	Cancer therapy	77
HUVEC	KV11 peptide	Surface modification with CP05 linker	LE: 83.1%	Pathological retinal angiogenesis	109
Engineered Expi293	Anti-CD3 and Anti-HER2	Cell engineering	N/A	Cancer therapy	73
Engineered HEK293T	Cargo protein–CRY2 protein	Cell engineering and light irradiation	LA: 1.4 molecules per exosome	Protein-based therapy	74
Engineered Expi293	Cargo protein–photocleavable protein	Cell engineering and light irradiation	N/A	Protein-based therapy	75