Types of hybrid exosome-based DDSs.

Exosome origin	Combined NP	Assembly strategy	Loaded agent	Application	Ref.
CT26	Liposome	Freeze–thaw	ICG/R837	Cancer therapy	79
MSC	Liposome	Extrusion	mTHPC	Cancer therapy	80
Macrophage	Liposome	Extrusion	DOX	Cancer therapy	81
Fibroblast	Liposome	Freeze–thaw	DTX and GM-CSF	Cancer therapy	92
L-929	Liposome	Extrusion	Clodronate	Pulmonary fibrosis treatment	110
BMSC	Liposome	Freeze–thaw	Polypyrrole NPs	Peripheral neuropathy treatment	111
Murine melanoma cell	Hollow gold NPs	Incubation, freeze–thaw method, sonication and electroporation	N/A	Photothermal cancer therapy and imaging	83
HEK293T	Gold NP	Extrusion	N/A	Brain imaging	84
MSC	Gold NP	Incubation with PEG	N/A	Brain imaging	86
Macrophage	Iron oxide NP	Surface modification with strep/biotin	DOX and miRNA21	Cancer therapy	87
MSC	Iron oxide NP	Cell-mediated process	N/A	Cutaneous wound treatment	98
MDA-MB-231	MOF	Sonication and extrusion	Protein drug	Cancer therapy	85
H22 and Bel7402	MPS	Cell-mediated process	DOX	Cancer therapy	93