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. 2022 Jun 23;19:43. doi: 10.1186/s12989-022-00482-x

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Effects of the organic and inorganic extracts of PM_2.5 on cell migration ability and OPN and IL-6 expression in VSMCs. VSMCs were treated with d₂H₂O, DMSO, 25 μg/mL PM_2.5, and organic or inorganic extract of PM_2.5 for 48 h. The following parameters were determined: A migration abilities of VSMCs; B OPN protein levels in the media; C IL-6 protein levels in the media; D relative CYP1A1 mRNA levels; and E relative CYP1B1 mRNA levels. The results are presented as mean ± SD for three independent experiments with 2–4 replicates in each experiment. *p < 0.05 compared with the d₂H₂O- or DMSO-treated cells(n = 3, one-way ANOVA). Control: d₂H₂O or DMSO treatment as control