Table 1.
Distribution of demographics and experiences among women stratified by cannabis use during different time-periods, Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) 2016.
| Cannabis use before pregnancy |
Continued cannabis use during pregnancy |
Postpartum cannabis relapse |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reported use | Reported no use | Reported use | Reported no use | Reported use | Reported no use | |
|
|
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| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
|
| ||||||
| Sample | 997(16.4) | 5064 (83.6) | 363 (36.4) | 634(63.6) | 147 (23.2) | 487 (76.8) |
| Cumulative stressful life eventsa (0–14), mean (SD) | 2.98 (2.51) | 1.67 (1.86) | 3.45 (2.64) | 2.71 (2.40) | 2.88 (2.54) | 2.66 (2.35) |
| Cumulative stressful life eventsa (categorized) | ||||||
| 0 | 165 (16.6) | 1658 (32.7) | 48 (13.2) | 117 (18.4) | 28(19.0) | 89 (18.3) |
| 1–2 | 341 (34.2) | 2124 (41.9) | 104(28.6) | 237(37.4) | 47(32.0) | 190(39.0) |
| 3–5 | 325 (32.6) | 1047 (20.7) | 132 (36.4) | 193 (30.4) | 50 (34.0) | 143 (29.4) |
| 6 or more | 166 (16.6) | 235 (4.6) | 79 (21.8) | 87(13.7) | 22 (15.0 | 65 (13.4) |
| Age (years) | ||||||
| < 17 | 14(1.4) | 47 (0.9) | 4(1.1) | 10(1.6) | 0 | 10(2.0) |
| 18–19 | 74 (7.4) | 143 (2.8) | 15 (4.1) | 59 (9.3) | 16 (10.9) | 43 (8.8) |
| 20–24 | 243 (24.4) | 824(16.3) | 98 (27.0) | 145 (22.9) | 38 (25.8) | 107 (22.0) |
| 25–29 | 309 (31.0) | 1584 (31.3) | 119(32.8) | 190(30.0) | 44 (29.9) | 146 (30.0) |
| 30–34 | 238 (23.9) | 1486 (29.3) | 88 (24.2) | 150(23.7) | 31 (21.1) | 119 (24.4) |
| 35+ | 119 (11.9) | 980 (19.4) | 39 (10.7) | 80(12.6) | 18 (12.2) | 62 (12.7) |
| Highest education completed | ||||||
| Less than high school diploma | 128 (12.8) | 445 (8.8) | 55 (15.2) | 73 (11.5) | 17(11.6) | 56 (11.5) |
| High school diploma | 330 (33.1) | 1098 (21.7) | 144(39.7) | 186 (29.3) | 57 (38.8) | 129 (26.5) |
| At least some college | 539 (54.1) | 3521 (69.5) | 164 (45.2) | 375 (59.2) | 73 (49.7) | 302 (62.0) |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | 405 (40.6) | 3497 (69.1) | 119(32.8) | 286 (45.1) | 65 (44.2) | 221 (45.4) |
| Other | 592 (59.4) | 1558 (30.8) | 244 (67.2) | 348 (54.9) | 82 (55.8) | 266 (54.6) |
| Missing | 0 | 9 (0.2) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Race | ||||||
| White | 581 (58.3) | 3117 (61.6) | 204 (56.2) | 377 (59.5) | 87 (59.2) | 290 (59.6) |
| Black | 163 (16.4) | 808 (16.0) | 46 (12.7) | 117 (18.4) | 25 (17.0) | 92 (18.9) |
| API | 21 (2.1) | 343 (6.8) | 7(1.9) | 14(2.2) | 1 (0.7) | 13 (2.7) |
| AI/AN | 128 (12.8) | 340 (6.7) | 62 (17.1) | 66 (10.4) | 18 (12.2) | 48 (9.9) |
| Other | 104 (10.4) | 456 (9.0) | 44 (12.1) | 60 (9.5) | 16 (10.9) | 44 (9.0) |
| Hispanic ethnicity | ||||||
| No | 917 (92.0) | 4425 (87.4) | 337(92.8) | 580(91.5) | 137 (93.2) | 443 (91.0) |
| Yes | 75 (7.5) | 606 (12.0) | 25 (6.9) | 50(7.9) | 9(6.1) | 41 (8.4) |
| Unknown | 5 (0.5) | 33 (0.6) | 1 (0.3) | 4 (0.6) | 1 (0.7) | 3 (0.6) |
| State | ||||||
| Alaska | 196 (19.7) | 811 (16.0) | 92 (25.3) | 104(16.4) | 31 (21.1) | 73 (15.0) |
| Colorado | 232 (23.3) | 1277 (25.2) | 83 (22.9) | 149 (23.5) | 30 (20.4) | 119 (24.4) |
| Maine | 164 (16.4) | 607 (12.0) | 66 (18.2) | 98 (15.5) | 31 (21.1) | 67 (13.8) |
| Michigan | 227 (22.8) | 1406 (27.8) | 61 (16.8) | 166 (26.2) | 36 (24.5) | 130(26.7) |
| Washington | 178 (17.8) | 963 (19.0) | 61 (16.8) | 117 (18.4) | 19(12.9) | 98 (20.1) |
| Smoked cigarettes up to 12 months before pregnant | ||||||
| Yes | 494 (49.6) | 757 (15.0) | 229 (63.1) | 265 (41.8) | 75 (51.0) | 190(39.0) |
| No | 503 (50.4) | 4307 (85.0) | 134(36.9) | 369 (58.2) | 72 (49.0) | 297 (61.0) |
| Smoked cigarettes during pregnancy | ||||||
| Yes | 231 (23.2) | 370 (7.3) | 135 (37.2) | 96 (15.1) | 34(23.1) | 62 (12.7) |
| No | 766 (76.8) | 4694 (92.7) | 228 (62.8) | 538 (84.9) | 113 (76.9) | 425 (87.3) |
| Smoked cigarettes since baby was born | ||||||
| Yes | 335 (33.6) | 515 (10.2) | 177 (48.8) | 158 (24.9) | 61 (41.5) | 97 (19.9) |
| No | 662 (66.4) | 4549 (89.8) | 186 (51.2) | 476 (75.1) | 86 (58.5) | 390(80.1) |
| Parity | ||||||
| Primiparous | 491 (49.2) | 1950(38.5) | 151 (41.6) | 340 (53.6) | 69 (46.9) | 271 (55.7) |
| Multiparous | 504(50.6) | 3107 (61.4) | 212 (58.4) | 292 (46.1) | 78 (53.1) | 214 (43.9) |
| Missing | 2 (0.2) | 7(0.1) | 0 | 2 (0.3) | 0 | 2 (0.4) |
| Method of payment | ||||||
| Medicaid | 595 (59.7) | 1865 (36.8) | 249 (68.6) | 346 (54.6) | 81 (55.1) | 265 (54.4) |
| Other | 394(39.5) | 3174(62.7) | 109 (30.0) | 285 (45.0) | 65 (44.2) | 220 (45.2) |
| Missing | 8 (0.8) | 25 (0.5) | 5 (1.4) | 3 (0.5) | 1 (0.7) | 2 (0.4) |
| Physical abuse during pregnancy | ||||||
| Yes | 42 (4.2) | 49 (1.0) | 22 (6.1) | 20 (3.2) | 5 (3.4) | 15 (3.1) |
| No/not reported | 955 (95.8) | 5015 (99.0) | 341 (93.4) | 614 (96.8) | 142 (96.6) | 472 (96.9) |
| Gestational age at delivery | ||||||
| < 37 weeks | 196(19.7) | 999 (19.7) | 77 (21.2) | 119 (18.8) | 28 (19.1) | 91 (18.7) |
| ≥ 37 weeks | 799 (80.1) | 4057(80.1) | 284(78.2) | 515 (81.2) | 119 (81.0) | 396 (81.3) |
| Missing | 2 (0.2) | 8 (0.2) | 2 (0.6) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Birthweight | ||||||
| < 2500g | 290(29.1) | 1281 (25.3) | 125 (34.4) | 165 (26.0) | 41 (27.9) | 124(25.5) |
| ≥ 2500 g | 707 (70.9) | 3784(74.7) | 238 (65.6) | 469 (74.0) | 106 (72.1) | 363 (74.5) |
| Small for gestational age (based on 10th percentile) | ||||||
| Yes | 191 (19.2) | 780 (15.4) | 90 (24.8) | 101 (15.9) | 26 (17.7) | 75 (15.4) |
| No | 765 (76.7) | 4029 (79.6) | 258 (71.1) | 507 (80.0) | 113 (76.9) | 394(80.9) |
| Missing | 41 (4.1) | 255 (5.0) | 15 (4.1) | 26 (4.1) | 8 (5.4) | 18 (3.7) |
| Ever breastfed | ||||||
| Yes | 848 (85.1) | 4553 (89.9) | 280 (77.1) | 568 (89.6) | 129 (87.8) | 439 (90.1) |
| No | 110(11.0) | 408 (8.1) | 60(16.5) | 50 (7.9) | 10(6.8) | 40 (8.2) |
| Missing | 39 (3.9) | 103 (2.0) | 23 (6.3) | 16 (2.5) | 8 (5.4) | 8(1.7) |
| Weeks of breastfeeding among women who ever breastfed and are currently not breastfeeding, mean (SD) | 6.68(5.4) | 7.38 (6.0) | 6.08 (5.0) | 7.06 (5.6) | 7.09 (5.6) | 7.04(5.6) |
| Mode of participation | ||||||
| 716 (71.8) | 3665 (72.4) | 242 (66.7) | 474 (74.8) | 101 (68.7) | 3 73 (76.6) | |
| Phone | 281 (28.2) | 1399 (27.6) | 121 (33.3) | 160 (25.2) | 46 (31.3) | 114(23.4) |
SD = standard deviation; n = frequency; API = Asian/Pacific Islander; AI/AN = American Indian/Alaskan Native. Percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding.
a
14-item stressful life events are a subset of Modified Life Events Inventory.