Table 3.

The comparison of the pre- and post-class preparation time, learning ability and test scores of students of PBL-FC group vs. traditional group

		PBL-FC group	Traditional group	P-value
Preparation time (in hours)	Pre-class	5.21 ± 3.04	3.37 ± 2.20	0.004
	Post-class	2.03 [1.50–2.50]	3.15 [2.00–4.00]	0.000
Learning ability	Pre-class	4.51 ± 0.43	4.45 ± 0.47	0.595
	Post-class	4.64 [4.39–5.00]	4.56 [4.23–5.00]	0.550
Theoretical performance	Pre-class	66.53 ± 10.61	66.51 ± 9.58	0.665
	Post-class	86.11 ± 7.08	79.10 ± 8.95	0.000
Skills operation performance		82.22 ± 8.16	81.26 ± 11.36	0.676

PBL-FC Problem-based learning combined with flipped classroom