. 2022 Jun 23;17:79. doi: 10.1186/s13020-022-00631-6

Table 4.

Dynamic variations in pH value and content of SCFAs produced at different fermented time points

Groups	Time (h)	pH	Short-chain fatty acids (mmol/L)
Groups	Time (h)	pH	Acetic acid	Propionic acid	i-Butyric acid	n-Butyric acid	i-Valeric acid	n-Valeric acid	Total
BLANK	0	8.95 ± 0.02	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
	6	8.75 ± 0.02	6.64 ± 0.02 ^{a, B}	ND	ND	ND	ND	1.13 ± 0.22 ^{a, A}	7.96 ± 0.20 ^{b, C}
	12	8.58 ± 0.03	6.74 ± 0.04 ^{a, C}	1.50 ± 0.02 ^{a, B}	0.22 ± 0.01 ^{a, C}	0.77 ± 0.01 ^{a, B}	0.35 ± 0.02 ^{a, B}	1.15 ± 0.11 ^{a, C}	10.75 ± 0.12 ^{a, C}
	24	8.12 ± 0.02	6.80 ± 0.11 ^{a, C}	1.54 ± 0.01 ^{a, C}	0.22 ± 0.03 ^{a, C}	0.84 ± 0.07 ^{a, B}	0.33 ± 0.13 ^{a, B}	1.20 ± 0.17 ^{a, B}	10.95 ± 0.06 ^{a, C}
	48	7.86 ± 0.03	6.52 ± 0.07 ^{a, C}	1.49 ± 0.01 ^{a, C}	0.20 ± 0.03 ^{a, C}	0.77 ± 0.01 ^{a, B}	0.37 ± 0.02 ^{a, B}	1.21 ± 0.06 ^{a, B}	10.59 ± 0.03 ^{a, C}
INULIN	0	9.11 ± 0.02	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
	6	7.13 ± 0.02	6.55 ± 0.02 ^{c, C}	1.64 ± 0.01 ^{b, B}	0.28 ± 0.01 ^{b, B}	0.79 ± 0.01 ^{a, B}	0.34 ± 0.03 ^{a, A}	1.28 ± 0.06 ^{a, A}	10.90 ± 0.08 ^{d, B}
	12	6.31 ± 0.03	7.37 ± 0.09 ^{b, B}	1.65 ± 0.03 ^{ab, B}	0.38 ± 0.02 ^{b, B}	0.79 ± 0.01 ^{a, B}	0.36 ± 0.04 ^{a, B}	1.29 ± 0.03 ^{a, BC}	11.86 ± 0.09 ^{c, B}
	24	5.85 ± 0.02	7.39 ± 0.33 ^{b, B}	1.84 ± 0.14 ^{a, B}	0.42 ± 0.15 ^{b, B}	0.82 ± 0.04 ^{a, B}	0.35 ± 0.03 ^{a, B}	1.19 ± 0.16 ^{a, B}	12.03 ± 0.17 ^{b, B}
	48	5.21 ± 0.02	9.43 ± 0.31 ^{a, A}	1.82 ± 0.03 ^{a, B}	0.81 ± 0.22 ^{a, B}	0.83 ± 0.03 ^{a, B}	0.37 ± 0.04 ^{a, B}	1.13 ± 0.29 ^{a, B}	14.42 ± 0.23 ^{a, B}
RPI	0	7.22 ± 0.03	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
	6	6.30 ± 0.02	7.98 ± 0.08 ^{b, A}	2.21 ± 0.07 ^{b, A}	0.93 ± 0.14 ^{c, A}	0.97 ± 0.06 ^{c, A}	0.47 ± 0.08 ^{c, A}	1.10 ± 0.03 ^{c, A}	13.66 ± 0.27 ^{c, A}
	12	5.79 ± 0.04	8.23 ± 0.22 ^{b, A}	2.35 ± 0.11 ^{b, A}	1.02 ± 0.08 ^{bc, A}	1.22 ± 0.07 ^{b, A}	0.63 ± 0.07 ^{b, A}	1.29 ± 0.04 ^{b, A}	14.75 ± 0.35 ^{b, A}
	24	5.37 ± 0.02	8.55 ± 0.07 ^{a, A}	2.56 ± 0.02 ^{a, A}	1.20 ± 0.05 ^{ab, A}	1.40 ± 0.04 ^{a, A}	0.79 ± 0.04 ^{a, A}	1.51 ± 0.06 ^{a, A}	16.03 ± 0.12 ^{a, A}
	48	5.12 ± 0.03	8.74 ± 0.17 ^{a, B}	2.55 ± 0.07 ^{a, A}	1.24 ± 0.05 ^{a, A}	1.47 ± 0.12 ^{a, A}	0.86 ± 0.07 ^{a, A}	1.59 ± 0.12 ^{a, A}	16.45 ± 0.57 ^{a, A}

Sample codes were the same as in Fig. 3; Values represent mean ± standard deviation, and different minuscules showed significant differences among different times (p < 0.05) in the same group, while different superscript letters represent significant differences among different groups (p < 0.05) at the same time point

ND not detected