Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of women according to quartiles of beverages intake. The EARTH Study (n=567).
| Characteristics | Caffeinated beverages | Alcoholic beverages | Sugar-sweetened beverages | Artificially sweetened beverages | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||
| Q1 (lowest intake) | Q4 (highest intake) | Q1 (lowest intake) | Q4 (highest intake) | Q1 (lowest intake) | Q4 (highest intake) | Q1 (lowest intake) | Q4 (highest intake) | |
|
| ||||||||
| Servings/day, median (range) | 0.08 (0–0.45) | 2.78 (2.5–7.08) | 0.06 (0–0.12) | 1.14 (0.87–3.84) | 0 (0–0) | 0.22 (0.12–4.80) | 0 (0–0) | 0.59 (0.18–7.50) |
|
| ||||||||
| n | 141 | 146 | 145 | 142 | 117 | 134 | 166 | 131 |
|
| ||||||||
| Age (at study entry), years | 35.0 (31.0–38.0) | 36.0 (33.0–39.0) | 35.0 (31.0–38.0) | 35.0 (33.0–38.0) | 35.0 (32.0–38.0) | 34.5 (32.0–37.0) | 36.0 (32.0–38.0) | 35.0 (32.0–38.0) |
| Ever smoker | 29 (20.6) | 44 (30.1) | 24 (16.6) | 58 (40.8) | 36 (30.8) | 33 (24.6) | 41 (24.7) | 38 (29.0) |
| Ethnicities | ||||||||
| White | 115 (81.6) | 127 (87) | 102 (70.3) | 124 (87.3) | 98 (83.8) | 118 (88.1) | 135 (81.3) | 115 (87.8) |
| Asian | 8 (5.7) | 13 (8.9) | 30 (20.7) | 6 (4.2) | 12 (10.3) | 7 (5.2) | 19 (11.5) | 7 (5.3) |
| Black/African American | 12 (8.5) | 1 (0.7) | 7 (4.8) | 3 (2.1) | 1 (0.9) | 8 (6.0) | 6 (3.1) | 4 (3.1) |
| Other | 6 (4.3) | 5 (3.4) | 6 (4.1) | 9 (6.3) | 6 (5.1) | 1 (0.8) | 6 (3.6) | 5 (3.8) |
| College degree or higher | 131 (92.9) | 133 (91.1) | 128 (88.3) | 133 (93.7) | 111 (94.9) | 119 (88.8) | 158 (95.2) | 115 (87.8) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.1 (21.3–25.2) | 23.5 (21.1–26.2) | 23 (21.2–25.3) | 23.3 (21.5–26.0) | 22.8 (20.9–25.2) | 23.5 (21.2–26.3) | 22.7 (20.9–24.7) | 24.5 (21.6–26.8) |
| Physical activity, hours/week | 5.4 (2.5–9.5) | 4.1 (1.4–9.5) | 4.5 (1.5–8.6) | 5.5 (2.7–11.9) | 5.5 (2.5–11.5) | 4.2 (1.7–10.5) | 5.5 (2.0–9.5) | 5.2 (2.0–10.5) |
| Total energy intake, Kcal/day | 1626.6 (1286.0–2001.5) | 1724.1 (1449.7–2166.6) | 1532.9 (1195.7–1869.0) | 1791.9 (1479.0–2166.6) | 1594.1 (1368.8–1950.6) | 1762.2 (1531.1–2252.6) | 1578.5 (1252.1–1920.0) | 1745.6 (1460.5–2276.2) |
| Alcohol, g/day | 3.1 (0.9–7) | 7.5 (2.5–14.8) | 0.5 (0–0.9) | 16.4 (14.4–20.5) | 3.8 (0.8–12.4) | 4.6 (1.4–11.2) | 3.9 (0.9–10.5) | 5.6 (2–12.9) |
| Caffeine, g/day | 13.2 (6.5–24.6) | 259.7 (237.9–294.5) | 55.1 (18.8–121.8) | 123.6 (95.2–250.8) | 105.0 (45.4–182.5) | 85.2 (28.7–145.8) | 82.8 (22.5–158.7) | 109.8 (62.2–214.9) |
| Total sugar intake, g/d | 84.6 (65.6–112.6) | 82.1 (64.1–105.3) | 79.4 (61.9–112.6) | 78.7 (60–100.9) | 75.9 (55.5–96.2) | 101.4 (80.0–132.1) | 75.3 (57.6–101.9) | 85.7 (64.4–126.4) |
| Total carbohydrate, % energy | 50.2 (44.1–55.0) | 46.6 (42.2–52.3) | 52.4 (46.4–57.7) | 44.3 (39.9–48.5) | 45.9 (39.0–53.8) | 49.9 (46.4–54.8) | 48.0 (42.0–54.1) | 48.6 (43.1–54.2) |
| Total protein, % energy | 16.4 (14.7–18.5) | 16.5 (14.6–18.7) | 16.3 (14.4–18.8) | 16.6 (14.8–18.5) | 16.8 (15.3–19.0) | 16.5 (14.7–18.1) | 16.4 (14.5–18.5) | 16.8 (15.0–18.5) |
| Total fat, % energy | 32.9 (29.0–37.1) | 33.9 (30.4–38.3) | 33.0 (29.0–37.2) | 32.6 (29.8–36.1) | 34.4 (29.5–40.5) | 32.2 (29.0–35.3) | 34.1 (30.0–38.4) | 32.7 (28.8–37.6) |
| Prudent pattern score^ | −0.2 (−0.7–0.3) | −0.2 (−0.7–0.7) | −0.3 (−0.8–0.4) | 0 (−0.5–0.6) | 0.1 (−0.4–0.8) | −0.4 (−0.9–0.2) | −0.1 (−0.7–0.6) | −0.3 (−0.7–0.2) |
| Western pattern score^ | −0.1 (−0.7–0.5) | −0.1 (−0.7–0.7) | −0.2 (−0.9–0.2) | 0.1 (−0.4–0.7) | −0.5 (−1.1–0.1) | 0.3 (−0.2–1.1) | −0.5 (−1.1–0.1) | 0.4 (−0.2–1.1) |
| Multivitamin users, n (%) | 122 (86.5) | 116 (79.5) | 123 (84.8) | 117 (82.4) | 101 (86.3) | 114 (85.1) | 139 (83.7) | 108 (82.4) |
| Prior pregnancy | 59 (41.8) | 61 (41.8) | 62 (42.8) | 65 (45.8) | 51 (43.6) | 57 (42.5) | 84 (50.6) | 59 (45) |
| Prior infertility exam | 115 (81.6) | 121 (82.9) | 125 (86.2) | 120 (84.5) | 97 (82.9) | 109 (81.3) | 140 (84.3) | 106 (80.9) |
| Prior fertility treatment | 96 (68.1) | 78 (53.4) | 95 (65.5) | 74 (52.1) | 71 (60.7) | 81 (60.4) | 102 (61.4) | 82 (62.6) |
| Day 3 FSH, IU/ml | 7.0 (5.9–8.5) | 7.1 (6.1–8.4) | 6.8 (6–8.5) | 6.9 (5.7–8.1) | 7.0 (6.0–8.5) | 7.2 (6.1–8.6) | 7.2 (5.9–8.1) | 6.8 (6.1–8.5) |
| Infertility diagnosis | ||||||||
| Male Factor | 37 (26.2) | 32 (21.9) | 44 (30.3) | 37 (26.1) | 24 (20.5) | 33 (24.6) | 32 (19.3) | 36 (27.5) |
| Female factor | ||||||||
| DOR | 12 (8.5) | 13 (8.9) | 15 (10.3) | 5 (3.5) | 11 (9.4) | 13 (9.7) | 19 (11.4) | 11 (8.4) |
| Endometriosis | 7 (5.0) | 6 (4.1) | 7 (4.8) | 5 (3.5) | 4 (3.4) | 5 (3.7) | 5 (3.0) | 5 (3.8) |
| Ovulatory | 15 (10.6) | 7 (4.8) | 14 (9.7) | 18 (12.7) | 14 (12) | 17 (12.7) | 12 (7.2) | 10 (7.6) |
| Tubal | 7 (5.0) | 8 (5.5) | 9 (6.2) | 6 (4.2) | 6 (5.1) | 6 (4.5) | 10 (6.0) | 7 (5.3) |
| Uterine | 0 (0) | 5 (3.4) | 0 (0) | 4 (2.8) | 3 (2.6) | 2 (1.5) | 3 (1.8) | 3 (2.3) |
| Unexplained | 63 (44.7) | 75 (51.4) | 56 (38.6) | 67 (47.2) | 55 (47.0) | 58 (43.3) | 85 (51.2) | 59 (45.0) |
BMI: body mass index. DOR: diminished ovarian reserve. FSH: follicle stimulating hormone. Ethnicities, Other: Native American/Alaska Native, Pacific Islander, other. Values are presented as median and interquartile range for continuous variables, absolute and percentage for categorical variables.
^
Dietary patterns were constructed by factor analysis without beverage intake groups.