. 2020 Oct 14;2(4):202–210. doi: 10.1016/j.smhs.2020.10.001

Table 4.

Nutritional interventions.

Nutritional strategies	Recommendations
Protein supplement⁹⁴^,¹²⁰	At least 1.0–1.2 g/kg/day in old age
	An increase in protein intake above 0.8 g/kg/day for maintaining muscle mass
	GFR 30–60, 0.8 g/kg/day
	GFR <30, 0.6–0.8 g/kg/day
Vitamin D⁹²^,¹²¹	Vitamin D should be supplemented in all persons which values less than 100 nmol/L
Vitamin D⁹²^,¹²¹	Maintain adequate intake at 700–1000 IU/day of cholecalciferol
Creatine monohydrate⁹²	Short-term creatine monohydrate supplementation
Creatine monohydrate⁹²	5–20 g/day of creatine monohydrate for 2 weeks
Antioxidants⁹⁸^,⁹⁹	Selenium, vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin E, and β-carotene
Antioxidants⁹⁸^,⁹⁹	However, antioxidants may exhibit pro-oxidant activity depending on the specific set of conditions.
Essential amino acid supplementation¹²²	Daily leucine 2.5 g or 2.8 g with combination of resistance exercise
β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB)¹²³	HMB alone, or with arginine and lysine
β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB)¹²³	or with resistance exercise
Omega-3 fatty acids¹²⁴	A possible effective nutrient for muscle loss.