Table 1.

Application of non-pharmaceutical traditional Chinese therapy in sports medicine.

Methods	Experimental objects	Location	Therapy sessions	Effects	References
Acupuncture	Human	Subscapularis muscle	Once a week, 5 weeks	Shoulder impingement sign (−) 5/5 muscle strength	31
		Subscapularis muscle	Once a week, 7 weeks	Subscapularis stretch sign (−) Shoulder impingement sign (−) 5/5 muscle strength	31
		Ah shi GB34	/	Swelling↓ Pain↓ Tissue repair↑ Metabolites absorption↑ Blood-stasis absorption↑	29
		Shoulder	10 min	Short-term pain↓	30
		Ah shi tender points	15 min	Pain↓ Swelling↓	32
		DU20, SJ10, HT2, LI11, LU5, LU6	30–60 min once a day, 15 times/course, 4 courses	Inflammation↓ Edema↓ Joint function↑	28
		Triceps surae	/	Deep squat performance↑	47
		Shoulder myofascial	/	Muscle thickness↓ Muscle strength↑	46
		From shoulder to hand	/	Rhabdomyolysis↓	36
		LU7, LI4, PC5, PC6	/	Exercise performance↑	45
		PC6, ST36	/	Recovery ability↑	43
		LI14, LI15, SJ14, SJ13, KI26, LU1, LU2, LU4, LU5, LU3, SJ12	15 min	Muscle excitability↑ Muscle fatigue↓ Muscle endurance↑	44
		Hamstring	Once a week, 8–9 weeks	Joint motion↑ Pain↓	27
		ST36, LR3	15 min once a week, 4 weeks 5 Hz	Ganglion cyst↓	33
		SP12, LR10, GB29, BL53, BL54	Total of 6 weeks 2 Hz	Muscle coordination↑ Muscle strength↑ Muscle endurance↑ Lumbopelvic stability↑	34
		L2-L4, T10-T12, ST29, ST30, LI9, LI10	Twice a week,6–8 weeks 2 Hz	VAS score 0/10, return to play immediately	49
		L2-L4, T10-T12, SP13, ST29, ST30, KI 11, GB28	Twice a week,6–8 weeks 2 Hz	VAS score 0/10, return to play immediately	49
		L2L4, T10-T12, ST30, LI10	Twice a week,6–8 weeks 2 Hz	VAS score 0/10, return to play immediately	49
		Wuhu points	30 min/per, once a day	Pain↓ Joint function↑	35
Moxibustion	Human	ST36	25 min, once a day,5 days	Fatigue↓	55
			30 min once a day,5 days	Fatigue↓	56
			10–20 min once a day,12 days	Fatigue↓	57
	Rat		3 min three times a day,11 days	Inflammation↓	65
			3 min three times a day, 11 days	Inflammation↓	66
	Mice		6 weeks	Exercise ability↑	72
	Rat		20 min once a day,1 day	Skeletal muscle injury↓	74
	Human	PC6	25 min once a day,5 days	Fatigue↓	55
	Rat	CV4	10 min, once a day, 20 days	Exercise ability↑	61
	Mice		6 weeks	Exercise ability↑	72
	Human	CV8	10–20 min once a day, 12 days	Fatigue↓ Exercise ability↑	57
	Rat		15 min, once a day,7-10 days	Fatigue↓ Exercise ability↑	62
	Rat	DU14	20 min once a day, 1 day	Muscular endurance↑	73
	Human	Biceps	20 min once a day, 2 days	DOMS↓	58
Cupping	Human	Trapezius muscle	20 min, twice a week, 4 weeks	Soft tissue compliance↑ Limb functions↑	78
	Human	Posterior neck, bilateral neck, thoracic spine	20 min, once a day,1 day	Inflammation↓	79
	Human	Hamstring	7 min, once a day,1 day	No significant effect	80
Massage	Human	Lower leg	10 min	Muscle stiffness↓ Power↑	86
	Human	Lower leg	four phases (2 min of effleurage, 2 min of petrissage, 2 min of deep circular friction, and 1 min of effleurage)	Muscle stiffness↓	87
	Rabbit	Hind limb	0.5 Hz, 10 N, 15 min	Muscle stiffness↓	88
	Human	Calf muscles	5 min percussion treatment	ROM↑	92
	Rabbit	Tibialis anterior muscles	0.5 Hz, 30 min	Leukocyte infiltration↓	94
	Human	Quadriceps	10 min	TNF-α, IL-6↓	95
		Quadriceps	10 min	Pain↓	99
		Leg	15 min	Pain↓	100
		Thigh	30 min (15 min on each leg)	Pain↓	101
		Thigh	30 min	Pain↓	102
		Frontal thigh	10 min	Pain↓	103
		Arm	10 min	DOMS↓	109
	Rat	BL37, BL57, GB34	5 N, 9 min, 21 d	Exercise ability↑	113
	Human	Leg, hamstrings	9 min	Exercise performance↓	114
		Lower limbs	10–15 min	Sprint performance↓	115
		Lower limbs, craniofacial muscle groups	20 min	Exercise performance↓	116