Table 3.
Summary table showing the training-induced differences in the variables of postural stability, gait and functional joint range of motion across all the participants.32
| Median |
Range |
p-value (Effect size, d) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before | After | Before | After | ||
| Sway Path Length (mm) | |||||
| Eyes Open | |||||
| Normal Stance | 6909 | 4570 | 3936–10333 | 3467–6781 | 0.012∗ (1.29) |
| Stance, Flexed Arms | 6894 | 4689 | 4048–10135 | 3445–8367 | 0.007∗ (1.15) |
| Tandem Stance | 7629 | 4967 | 3986–10552 | 3752–7997 | 0.001∗ (1.40) |
| Eyes closed | |||||
| Normal Stance | 7062 | 4773 | 4098–10262 | 3461–8064 | 0.012∗ (1.10) |
| Stance, Flexed Arms | 6878 | 4730 | 3791–10163 | 3436–7178 | 0.004∗ (1.21) |
| Tandem Stance | 8002 | 4634 | 4725–11094 | 4121–6851 | 0.001∗ (1.80) |
| Gait Variables | |||||
| Foot Clearance, Left (mm) | 244 | 243 | 205–271 | 209–299 | 0.42 (-0.30) |
| Foot Clearance, Right (mm) | 240 | 240 | 199–272 | 207–285 | 0.27 (-0.31) |
| Max. Walking Speed (m/s) | 1.20 | 1.28 | 0.91–1.60 | 0.88–1.68 | 0.07 (-0.37) |
| Avg. Walking Speed (m/s) | 0.89 | 0.96 | 0.73–1.19 | 0.67–1.27 | 0.08 (-0.32) |
| Turning Time (s) | 1.13 | 1.02 | 0.87–2.37 | 0.66–1.77 | 0.06 (0.46) |
| Cadence (steps/min) | 45.6 | 47.3 | 37.5–54.1 | 36.6–58.4 | 0.27 (-0.30) |
| Arm Swing, Left (deg) | 29.6 | 23.0 | 6.6–81.8 | 8.0–57.0 | 0.09 (0.25) |
| Arm Swing, Right (deg) | 28.1 | 28.7 | 5.1–73.3 | 5.4–50.8 | 0.35 (0.13) |
| Functional ROM | |||||
| Knee Flexion, Left (deg) | 25.55 | 26.20 | 6.1–80.1 | 4.8–43.9 | 0.45 (-0.22) |
| Knee Flexion, Right (deg) | 19.42 | 16.68 | 7.7–77.0 | 5.1–53.0 | 0.20 (-0.30) |
| Hip Flexion, Left (deg) | 42.92 | 41.50 | 30.6–54.8 | 26.0–50.4 | 0.95 (-0.03) |
| Hip Flexion, Right (deg) | 46.33 | 45.64 | 26.6–58.2 | 30.0–56.2 | 0.98 (-0.06) |
| Hip Abduction, Left (deg) | 105.09 | 99.99 | 74.9–123.9 | 75.4–137.1 | 0.62 (-0.04) |
| Hip Abduction, Right (deg) | 104.11 | 104.42 | 81.9–118.0 | 75.9–132.2 | 0.59 (0.18) |
| Trunk Flexion (deg) | 92.81 | 104.05 | 50.7–139.9 | 76.5–134.0 | 0.06 (0.48) |
| Trunk Rotation (deg) | 75.87 | 63.44 | 47.3–111.2 | 48.2–124.3 | 0.16 (-0.33) |
Note: ∗ indicates significance after Holm correction for multiple comparisons.