Table 1.

The landmark frailty assessment tools.

Physical Frailty Phenotype18

Criteria

•Weakness: weak grip strength, lowest quintile stratified by sex and body-mass index

•Slow gait speed: lowest quintile of gait speed (m/s) stratified by sex and height

•Low physical activity: low energy expenditure, based on physical activity questionnaire

•Exhaustion: self-reported, based on two items from the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale

•Unintentional weight loss: self-reported weight loss of measured weight loss of ≥ 5% in past year

Frailty states: non-frail (0 criteria present), pre-frail (1–2 criteria present), and frail (≥3 criteria present)

Frailty Index of Accumulative Deficits19,20

Counts health deficits (at least 30), such as signs, symptoms, diseases, disabilities

Health deficits should meet these criteria:

•Represent multiple domains of functioning or multiple organ systems

•The prevalence must increase with age

•Not be too common before the age of 65

•The prevalence should not be lower than 1%

Frailty score: sum of health deficits present divided by total number of deficits measured

Continuous score between 0 and 1, higher scores indicate higher degree of frailty, with ≥ 0.25 indicating frailty